Comparison of vertebrate skin structure at class level: A review

The Anatomical Record, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 305(12), P. 3543 - 3608

Published: Feb. 28, 2022

Abstract The skin is a barrier between the internal and external environment of an organism. Depending on species, it participates in multiple functions. organ that holds body together, covers protects it, provides communication with its environment. It also body's primary line defense, especially for anamniotes. All vertebrates have multilayered composed three main layers: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis. vital mission integument aquatic mucus secretion. Cornification began apmhibians, improved reptilians, endured avian mammalian epidermis. feather, most ostentatious functional structure skin, evolved Mesozoic period. After extinction dinosaurs, birds continued to diversify, followed by enlargement, expansion, diversification mammals, which brings us complicated organization mammals differing glands, cells, physiological pathways, evolution hair. Throughout these radical changes, some features were preserved among classes such as basic dermal structure, pigment cell types, coloration genetics, similar sensory features, enable track evolutionary path. structural properties all are presented. purpose this review go way back agnathans follow path step up provide comparative large updated survey about vertebrate terms morphology, physiology, ecology, immunology.

Language: Английский

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Conserved regulatory switches for the transition from natal down to juvenile feather in birds

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: May 16, 2024

Abstract The transition from natal downs for heat conservation to juvenile feathers simple flight is a remarkable environmental adaptation process in avian evolution. However, the underlying epigenetic mechanism this primary feather mostly unknown. Here we conducted time-ordered gene co-expression network construction, analysis, and functional perturbations developing follicles elucidate four downy-juvenile events. We report that extracellular matrix reorganization leads peripheral pulp formation, which mediates epithelial-mesenchymal interactions branching morphogenesis. α-SMA ( ACTA2 ) compartmentalizes dermal papilla stem cells renewal cycling. LEF1 works as key hub of Wnt signaling build rachis converts radial downy bilateral symmetry. Novel usage scale keratins strengthens sheath with SOX14 regulator. show largely conserved chicken (precocial) zebra finch (altricial) discuss possibility evolutionary started feathered dinosaurs.

Language: Английский

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The Making of a Flight Feather: Bio-architectural Principles and Adaptation

Cell, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 179(6), P. 1409 - 1423.e17

Published: Nov. 1, 2019

Language: Английский

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Overview of Avian Sex Reversal

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(9), P. 8284 - 8284

Published: May 5, 2023

Sex determination and differentiation are processes by which a bipotential gonad adopts either testicular or ovarian cell fate, secondary sexual characteristics adopt male female developmental patterns. In birds, although genetic factors control the sex program, is sensitive to hormones, can induce reversal when disturbed. Although these sex-reversed birds form phenotypes opposite their genotypes, none experience complete produce offspring under natural conditions. Promising evidence indicates that incomplete associated with autonomous identity (CASI) of avian cells, controlled factors. However, studies cannot clearly describe regulatory mechanism CASI development at present, require further exploration. spite this, abundant findings research have provided theoretical bases for progress gender technologies, being improved through interdisciplinary co-operation will ultimately be employed in poultry production. this review, we provide an overview comprehensively summarize on especially chickens. Importantly, key issues faced applying systems production chronologically methods. conclusion, review provides unique perspectives helps scientists develop more advanced regulation birds.

Language: Английский

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Identification of pennaceous barbule cell factor (PBCF), a novel gene with spatiotemporal expression in barbule cells during feather development

Gene, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 941, P. 149244 - 149244

Published: Jan. 11, 2025

Language: Английский

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Organizational principles of integumentary Organs: Maximizing Variations for Effective Adaptation

Developmental Biology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Skin regional specification and higher-order HoxC regulation

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 11(12)

Published: March 21, 2025

The integument plays a critical role in functional adaptation, with macro-regional specification forming structures like beaks, combs, feathers, and scales, while micro-regional modifies skin appendage shapes. However, the molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Craniofacial displays dramatic diversity, exemplified by Polish chicken (PC) homeotic transformation of comb-to-crest caused 195–base pair (bp) duplication HoxC10 intron. Micro-C analyses show that HoxC-containing topologically associating domain (TAD) is normally closed scalp but open dorsal tail regions, allowing multiple long-distance contacts. In PC scalp, TAD open, resulting high HoxC expression. CRISPR-Cas9 deletion 195-bp reduces crest feather formation, misexpression alters sequence found only Archelosauria (crocodilians birds) not mammals. These findings suggest higher-order regulation cluster modulates gene expression, driving evolution adaptive integumentary appendages birds.

Language: Английский

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The mechanism of egg production improvement in laying hens before and after molting revealed by transcriptome and metabolome integration

Poultry Science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 105125 - 105125

Published: April 1, 2025

The objective of this research was to examine the effects and underlying mechanisms forced molting on laying rate hens. A total ninety 500-day-old hens were randomly assigned three groups: a control group (CK), starvation (SG), recovery (RG). study evaluated follicular development in measured expression levels antioxidant, lipid, inflammatory factors their serum. Additionally, transcriptomic metabolomic analyses performed assess gene metabolic profiles findings indicated that led an increase rates, reduction closure, significant rise antioxidant enzymes such as GSH, CAT, SOD, alongside decrease MDA levels. Furthermore, there reductions blood lipid LDL, HDL, TC, TG. notable differences markers TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6. data revealed influenced activation PI3K-AKT mTOR signaling pathways, affecting fatty acid metabolism modulating associated genes. In conclusion, demonstrates is effective strategy for enhancing it provides valuable theoretical framework advancing breeding practices aimed at improving egg production.

Language: Английский

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Avian Pigment Pattern Formation: Developmental Control of Macro- (Across the Body) and Micro- (Within a Feather) Level of Pigment Patterns

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: July 10, 2020

Animal color patterns are of interest to many fields, such as developmental biology, evolutionary ethology, mathematical bio-mimetics, etc. The skin provides easy access experimentation and analysis enabling the pigment patterning process be analyzed at cellular molecular level. Studies in animals with distinct (such zebrafish, horse, feline, etc.) have revealed some genetic information underlying pattern formation. Yet, how complex diverse avian species established remains an open question. Here we summarize recent progress. Avian plumage shows occurring different spatial levels. two main levels macro- (across body) micro- (within a feather) patterns. At level, colors mainly produced by melanocytes generating eumelanin (black) pheomelanin (yellow, orange). These melanin-based regulated melanocyte migration, differentiation, cell death and/or interaction neighboring cells. In addition, non-melanin chemical pigments structural add more available palette types or regions. We discuss classic tissue transplantation experiments that explore potential mechanisms. find can controlled autonomously but also non-autonomously dermal Complex generated combination these multi-scale interactions further modulated environmental factors sex hormones, which generate striking sexual dimorphic integuments influenced seasons aging.

Language: Английский

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Chromosome-level reference genome assembly of the gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) and population genomics offer insights into the falcon population in Mongolia

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: Feb. 4, 2025

The taxonomic classification of a falcon population found in the Mongolian Altai region Asia has been heavily debated for two centuries and previous studies have inconclusive, hindering more informed conservation approach. Here, we generated chromosome-level gyrfalcon reference genome using Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP) assembly pipeline. Using whole sequences 49 falcons from different species populations, including "Altai" falcons, analyzed their structure, admixture patterns, demographic history. We find that are genomic mosaics saker ancestries, carry distinct W mitochondrial haplotypes cluster with lanner falcon. maternally-inherited diverged 422,000 years before present (290,000–550,000 YBP) ancestor sakers gyrfalcons, both which, turn, split 109,000 YBP (70,000–150,000 YBP). chromosome 31 coding variants 29 genes may possibly influence important structural, behavioral, reproductive traits. These findings provide insights into question as candidate species.

Language: Английский

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