The ecological and evolutionary consequences of systemic racism in urban environments

Science, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 369(6510)

Published: Aug. 13, 2020

Urban areas are dynamic ecological systems defined by interdependent biological, physical, and social components. The emergent structure heterogeneity of urban landscapes drives biotic outcomes in these areas, such spatial patterns often attributed to the unequal stratification wealth power human societies. Despite patterns, few studies have effectively considered structural inequalities as drivers evolutionary instead focused on indicator variables neighborhood wealth. In this analysis, we explicitly integrate ecology, evolution, processes emphasize relationships that bind inequities-specifically racism-and biological change urbanized landscapes. We draw existing research link racist practices, including residential segregation, heterogeneous flora fauna observed ecologists. future, ecology evolution researchers must consider how racial oppression affect environmental factors drive cities. Conceptual integration sciences has amassed considerable scholarship over past decades, providing a solid foundation for incorporating justice into research. Such an undertaking is necessary deconstruct urbanization's biophysical processes, inform equitable anti-racist initiatives promoting conservation, strengthen community resilience global change.

Language: Английский

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A roadmap for urban evolutionary ecology

Evolutionary Applications, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 12(3), P. 384 - 398

Published: Nov. 12, 2018

Urban ecosystems are rapidly expanding throughout the world, but how urban growth affects evolutionary ecology of species living in areas remains largely unknown. has advanced our understanding development cities and towns change environmental conditions alter ecological processes patterns. However, despite decades research ecology, extent to which urbanization influences eco-evolutionary received little attention. The nascent field seeks understand evolution populations, those changes turn influence dynamics communities, ecosystems. Following a brief history this emerging field, Perspective article provides agenda roadmap for future aimed at advancing interplay between urban-dwelling organisms. We identify six key questions that, if addressed, would significantly increase processes. These consider nonadaptive evolution, natural selection, convergent addition role heterogeneity on roles phenotypic plasticity versus adaptation species' abundance cities. Our final question examines impact diversification. For each these questions, we suggest avenues that will help advance ecology. Lastly, highlight importance integrating into planning, conservation practice, pest management, public engagement.

Language: Английский

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Gene flow and genetic drift in urban environments

Molecular Ecology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 28(18), P. 4138 - 4151

Published: Sept. 1, 2019

Abstract Evidence is growing that human modification of landscapes has dramatically altered evolutionary processes. In urban population genetic studies, urbanization typically predicted to act as a barrier isolates populations species, leading increased drift within and reduced gene flow between populations. However, may also facilitate dispersal among populations, higher diversity within, lower differentiation between, We reviewed the literature on nonadaptive evolution evaluate support for each these fragmentation facilitation models. review with supporting quantitative analyses 167 published genetics we found weak signature within‐population no evidence consistently between‐population associated urbanization. addition, landscape features barriers or conduits flow, depending species city in question. Thus, speculate ability environmental heterogeneity cities contributes variation exhibited our results. >90% studies here showed an association highlighting strong impact evolution. It clear biology obscure patterns analysis. suggest future research makes comparisons multiple nonurban habitats, takes into consideration species' natural history, variation, spatial modelling marker selection.

Language: Английский

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Socio‐eco‐evolutionary dynamics in cities

Evolutionary Applications, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 14(1), P. 248 - 267

Published: July 13, 2020

Abstract Cities are uniquely complex systems regulated by interactions and feedbacks between nature human society. Characteristics of society—including culture, economics, technology politics—underlie social patterns activity, creating a heterogeneous environment that can influence be influenced both ecological evolutionary processes. Increasing research on urban ecology biology has coincided with growing interest in eco‐evolutionary dynamics, which encompasses the reciprocal evolution ecology. Research dynamics frequently focuses contemporary species have potentially substantial ecological—and even social—significance. Still, little work fully integrates rarely do researchers either these fields consider role Because cities fundamentally activities, inherently interconnected undergoing economic transformation, they represent an opportunity for ecologists biologists to study “socio‐eco‐evolutionary dynamics.” Through this new framework, we encourage integrate drivers increase understanding conservation ecosystems, their functions contributions people within outside cities.

Language: Английский

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Urban biodiversity: State of the science and future directions

Urban Ecosystems, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 25(4), P. 1083 - 1096

Published: Feb. 21, 2022

Language: Английский

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Global urban environmental change drives adaptation in white clover

Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 375(6586), P. 1275 - 1281

Published: March 17, 2022

Urbanization transforms environments in ways that alter biological evolution. We examined whether urban environmental change drives parallel evolution by sampling 110,019 white clover plants from 6169 populations 160 cities globally. Plants were assayed for a Mendelian antiherbivore defense also affects tolerance to abiotic stressors. Urban-rural gradients associated with the of clines 47% throughout world. Variation strength was explained changes drought stress and vegetation cover varied among cities. Sequencing 2074 genomes 26 revealed urban-rural best adaptive evolution, but degree adaptation Our results demonstrate urbanization leads at global scale.

Language: Английский

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Urbanization driving changes in plant species and communities – A global view

Global Ecology and Conservation, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 38, P. e02243 - e02243

Published: July 27, 2022

Language: Английский

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Origin and status of Culex pipiens mosquito ecotypes

Current Biology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 32(5), P. R237 - R246

Published: March 1, 2022

The northern house mosquito Culex pipiens sensu stricto is one of the most important disease vector mosquitoes in temperate zones across hemisphere, responsible for emergence West Nile Virus over last two decades. It comprises ecologically distinct forms — an aboveground form, pipiens, diapauses winter and primarily bites birds, while a belowground molestus, thrives year-round subways, basements other human-made, habitats, mammals, can even lay eggs without blood meal. hybridize some but not all places, leading to complex ecological mosaic that complicates predictions vectorial capacity. Moreover, origin molestus contentious, with iconic populations from London Underground subway system being held up by evolutionary biologists as preeminent example rapid, situ, urban adaptation speciation. We review recent historical literature on ecology this its enigmatic forms. A synthesis genetic studies spanning 100+ years clarifies striking latitudinal gradient behaviorally divergent reproductively isolated Europe gradually break down into what appear be well-mixed, intermediate North Africa. continuous narrative thread dating back original description form Egypt 1775 refutes popular idea evolved situ their counterparts. These are more likely derived Middle East, where human-biting adaptations human environments may have timescale millennia rather than centuries. outline several areas future work discuss implications these patterns public health our understanding Anthropocene.

Language: Английский

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Towards a ‘people and nature’ paradigm for biodiversity and infectious disease

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 380(1917)

Published: Jan. 9, 2025

Zoonotic and vector-borne infectious diseases are among the most direct human health consequences of biodiversity change. The COVID-19 pandemic increased policymakers’ attention on links between ecological degradation disease, sparked discussions around nature-based interventions to mitigate zoonotic emergence epidemics. Yet, although disease ecology provides an increasingly granular knowledge wildlife in changing ecosystems, we still have a poor understanding net for disease. Here, argue that renewed focus wildlife-borne as complex socio-ecological systems—a ‘people nature’ paradigm—is needed identify local transformative system-wide changes could reduce burden. We discuss longstanding scientific narratives involvement systems, which largely framed people disruptors, three emerging research areas provide wider system perspectives: how anthropogenic ecosystems construct new niches feedbacks social vulnerability role human-to-animal pathogen transmission (‘spillback’) systems. conclude by discussing opportunities better understand predictability outcomes from change integrate drivers into intervention design evaluation. This article is part discussion meeting issue ‘Bending curve towards nature recovery: building Georgina Mace's legacy biodiverse future’.

Language: Английский

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The evolutionary consequences of human–wildlife conflict in cities

Evolutionary Applications, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 14(1), P. 178 - 197

Published: Sept. 17, 2020

Human-wildlife interactions, including human-wildlife conflict, are increasingly common as expanding urbanization worldwide creates more opportunities for people to encounter wildlife. Wildlife-vehicle collisions, zoonotic disease transmission, property damage, and physical attacks or their pets have negative consequences both wildlife, underscoring the need comprehensive strategies that mitigate prevent conflict altogether. Management techniques often aim deter, relocate, remove individual organisms, all of which may present a significant selective force in urban nonurban systems. Management-induced selection significantly affect adaptive nonadaptive evolutionary processes populations, yet few studies explicate links among wildlife management, evolution. Moreover, intensity management can vary considerably by taxon, public perception, policy, religious cultural beliefs, geographic region, underscores complexity developing flexible tools reduce conflict. Here, we cross-disciplinary perspective integrates evolution address how social-ecological drive adaptation cities. We emphasize variance implemented actions shapes strength rate phenotypic change. also consider specific either promote genetic plastic changes, leveraging those biological inferences could help optimize while minimizing Investigating an phenomenon provide insights into arises plays critical role shaping phenotypes.

Language: Английский

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