Climate change effects on biodiversity, ecosystems, ecosystem services, and natural resource management in the United States

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 733, P. 137782 - 137782

Published: March 11, 2020

Climate change is a pervasive and growing global threat to biodiversity ecosystems. Here, we present the most up-to-date assessment of climate impacts on biodiversity, ecosystems, ecosystem services in U.S. implications for natural resource management. We draw from 4th National Assessment summarize observed projected changes ecosystems explore linkages important services, discuss associated challenges opportunities find that species are responding through morphology behavior, phenology, geographic range shifts, these mediated by plastic evolutionary responses. Responses populations, combined with direct effects (including more extreme events), resulting widespread productivity, interactions, vulnerability biological invasions, other emergent properties. Collectively, alter benefits can provide society. Although not all negative, even positive require costly societal adjustments. Natural managers need proactive, flexible adaptation strategies consider historical future outlooks minimize costs over long term. Many organizations beginning approaches, but implementation yet prevalent or systematic across nation.

Language: Английский

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Climate change causes upslope shifts and mountaintop extirpations in a tropical bird community

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 115(47), P. 11982 - 11987

Published: Oct. 29, 2018

Significance Global warming is predicted to constitute an “escalator extinction” for species that live on mountains. This because are generally moving higher elevations as temperatures warm, and only near mountaintops may run out of room. However, there little evidence high-elevation populations disappearing predicted. Here, we show recent does indeed act escalator extinction birds a remote Peruvian mountain. High-elevation have shrunk in range size declined abundance, several previously common disappeared. We suggest the tropics particularly vulnerable climate change.

Language: Английский

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Insect responses to heat: physiological mechanisms, evolution and ecological implications in a warming world

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 95(3), P. 802 - 821

Published: Feb. 8, 2020

Surviving changing climate conditions is particularly difficult for organisms such as insects that depend on environmental temperature to regulate their physiological functions. Insects are extremely threatened by global warming, since many do not have enough tolerance even survive continuous exposure the current maximum temperatures experienced in habitats. Here, we review literature mechanisms responses heat and provide insects: (i) neuronal detect respond heat; (ii) metabolic (iii) thermoregulation; (iv) stress tolerate (v) hormones coordinate developmental behavioural at warm temperatures. Our shows that, apart from response mediated shock proteins, of remain poorly studied. Based life-history theory, discuss costs potential evolutionary driving insect adaptations high Some may deal with ongoing warming joint action phenotypic plasticity genetic adaptation. Plastic limited be themselves withstand trends. Although evidence still scarce deserves further research different taxa, adaptation result rapid evolution. Finally, emphasize importance incorporating information modelling species distributions ecological interactions under scenarios. This identifies several open questions improve our understanding how physiologically consequences those responses. Further lines suggested species, order class levels, experimental analytical approaches artificial selection, quantitative genetics comparative analyses.

Language: Английский

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Range dynamics of mountain plants decrease with elevation

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 115(8), P. 1848 - 1853

Published: Jan. 29, 2018

Many studies report that mountain plant species are shifting upward in elevation. However, the majority of these reports focus on shifts upper limits. Here, we expand and simultaneously analyze changes both range limits, optima, abundances 183 species. We therefore resurveyed 1,576 vegetation plots first recorded before 1970 European Alps. found limits optima shifted elevation, but most pronounced trend was a mean increase abundance. Despite huge species-specific variation, dynamics showed consistent along elevational gradient: Both upslope faster lower they were situated historically, species' abundance increased more for from elevations. Traits affecting dispersal persistence capacity not related to their dynamics. Using indicator values stratify by thermal nutrient demands revealed ranges thermophilic tended expand, while those cold-adapted contract. Abundance increases strongest nutriphilous These results suggest recent climate warming interacted with airborne nitrogen deposition driving observed So far, appear as "winners" changes, yet "losers" overrepresented among high-elevation, low demands. In decades come, high-alpine may hence face double pressure climatic novel, superior competitors move up than themselves can escape even higher

Language: Английский

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Expanding, shifting and shrinking: The impact of global warming on species’ elevational distributions

Global Ecology and Biogeography, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 27(11), P. 1268 - 1276

Published: Sept. 6, 2018

Abstract Aim Species are responding to climate warming by shifting their distributions toward historically cooler regions, but the degree which expansions at cool range limits balanced contractions warm is unknown. We synthesized published data documenting shifts species’ versus along elevational gradients (a) test classic ecological theory that predicts temperature more directly influences than limits, and (b) determine how warming‐associated have changed extent area of distributions. Location Global. Time period 1802–2012. Major taxa studied Vascular plants, endotherms, ectotherms. Methods compiled a dataset 975 species from 32 for been measured both limits. compared magnitude variance quantified impacted extents areas. Results On average shifted upslope associated with increases (warm limit: 92 ± 455 m/C; 131 465 overall mean SD ). There was no systematic difference in or thus indication controlled temperature. Species’ available significantly decreased mountaintop species. Main conclusions Our results do not support long‐standing hypothesis sensitive responsive find that, across globe, ranges shrinking as they shift upslope, supporting predictions high elevation especially vulnerable increases. synthesis highlights extreme variation distributional responses warming, may indicate biotic interactions play prominent role setting previously thought.

Language: Английский

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Understanding interactions between plasticity, adaptation and range shifts in response to marine environmental change

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 374(1768), P. 20180186 - 20180186

Published: Jan. 28, 2019

Climate change is leading to shifts in species geographical distributions, but populations are also probably adapting environmental at different rates across their range. Owing a lack of natural and empirical data on the influence phenotypic adaptation range marine species, we provide general conceptual model for understanding population responses climate that incorporates plasticity ecosystems. We use this help inform where within each mechanism will operate most strongly explore supporting evidence species. then expand discussion from single-species perspective community-level visualize guide research into important yet poorly understood processes adaptation. This article part theme issue ‘The role rapid change’.

Language: Английский

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Exposure to climate change drives stability or collapse of desert mammal and bird communities

Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 371(6529), P. 633 - 636

Published: Feb. 4, 2021

Microhabitat matters Understanding how our warming climate affects vulnerable species is of paramount importance. However, predicting responses complicated because are complex and may adapt or respond in distinct ways. Riddell et al. compared a century-old dataset on richness the Mojave against modern surveys to measure climate-related changes bird small mammal communities. They found little change occupancy but large declines across birds. attribute these differences microclimate opportunities: Specifically, mammals can mitigate temperature impacts through burrowing, whereas birds generally more exposed. Science , this issue p. 633

Language: Английский

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Cracking the Code of Biodiversity Responses to Past Climate Change

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 33(10), P. 765 - 776

Published: Aug. 30, 2018

Language: Английский

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Eco‐evolution on the edge during climate change

Ecography, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 42(7), P. 1280 - 1297

Published: March 28, 2019

We urgently need to predict species responses climate change minimize future biodiversity loss and ensure we do not waste limited resources on ineffective conservation strategies. Currently, most predictions of ignore the potential for evolution. However, evolution can alter ecological responses, different aspects ecology interact produce complex eco‐evolutionary dynamics under change. Here review how could warm cool range margins, where be especially important. discuss in isolation, then synthesize results consider multiple evolutionary processes might affect On dispersal increase expansion rates allow adapt novel conditions their new range. low genetic variation drift small range‐front populations also slow or halt expansions. Together, these effects cause a three‐step, stop‐and‐go pattern many species. isolation among maintain high that facilitates climates allows persist longer than expected without This ‘evolutionary extinction debt’ prevent other from shifting ranges. as increases populations, increasing mortality select decreased rapid contractions. Some explain why are responding predicted. conclude by suggesting resurveying historical studies measured trait frequencies, strength selection, heritabilities an efficient way our knowledge biology.

Language: Английский

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Habitat availability explains variation in climate-driven range shifts across multiple taxonomic groups

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: Oct. 21, 2019

Range shifting is vital for species persistence, but there little consensus on why individual vary so greatly in the rates at which their ranges have shifted response to recent climate warming. Here, using 40 years of distribution data 291 from 13 invertebrate taxa Britain, we show that interactions between habitat availability and exposure change range margins explain up half variation shift. Habitat generalists expanded faster than more specialised species, this intrinsic trait explains less shifts availability, additionally depends extrinsic factors may be rare or widespread margin. Similarly, while likely underlies polewards expansions, find between-species explained by differences changes climatic suitability. A model includes both climate, statistical interaction, most shifts. We conclude climate-change vulnerability assessments should focus as much future sensitivity exposure, with expectation restoration protection will substantially improve species' abilities respond uncertain climates.

Language: Английский

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