The MPA Guide: A framework to achieve global goals for the ocean

Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 373(6560)

Published: Sept. 9, 2021

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are conservation tools intended to protect biodiversity, promote healthy and resilient marine ecosystems, provide societal benefits. Despite codification of MPAs in international agreements, MPA effectiveness is currently undermined by confusion about the many types consequent wildly differing outcomes. We present a clarifying science-driven framework—The Guide—to aid design evaluation. The guide categorizes stage establishment level protection, specifies resulting direct indirect outcomes for biodiversity human well-being, describes key conditions necessary positive Use this Guide scientists, managers, policy-makers, communities can improve effective design, implementation, assessment, tracking existing future achieve goals using scientifically grounded practices.

Language: Английский

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Time to integrate global climate change and biodiversity science‐policy agendas

Journal of Applied Ecology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 58(11), P. 2384 - 2393

Published: Sept. 21, 2021

Abstract There is an increasing recognition that, although the climate change and biodiversity crises are fundamentally connected, they have been primarily addressed independently a more integrated global approach essential to tackle these two challenges. Nature‐based Solutions (NbS) hailed as pathway for promoting synergies between agendas. are, however, uncertainties difficulties associated with implementation of NbS, while evidence regarding their benefits remains limited. We identify five key research areas where incomplete or poor information hinders development solutions. These relate refining our understanding how mitigation adaptation approaches benefit conservation; enhancing ability track predict ecosystems on move and/or facing collapse; improving capacity impacts effectiveness NbS; developing solutions that match temporal, spatial functional scale challenges; comprehensive practical framework assessing, mitigating against, risks posed by NbS. Policy implications . The Conference Parties (COP) United Nations Framework Convention Climate Change (COP26) Biological Diversity (COP15) present clear policy window coherent frameworks align targets across nexus change. This should (a) address substantial chronic underfunding conservation, (b) remove financial incentives negatively impact change, (c) develop higher levels integration agendas, (d) agree monitoring enables standardised quantification comparison gains NbS over time (e) rethink environmental legislation better support conservation in times rapid climatic

Language: Английский

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Future loss of local-scale thermal refugia in coral reef ecosystems

PLOS Climate, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 1(2), P. e0000004 - e0000004

Published: Feb. 1, 2022

Thermal refugia underpin climate-smart management of coral reefs, but whether current thermal will remain so under future warming is uncertain. We use statistical downscaling to provide the highest resolution stress projections (0.01°/1 km, >230,000 reef pixels) currently available for reefs and identify on locally manageable scales. Here, we show that climate change overwhelm local-scale refugia, with declines in global from 84% pixels present-day 0.2% at 1.5°C, 0% 2.0°C warming. Local-scale oceanographic features such as upwelling strong ocean currents only rarely refugia. confirm 1.5°C relative pre-industrial levels be catastrophic reefs. Focusing efforts may effective short-term. Promoting adaptation higher temperatures facilitating migration instead needed secure survival.

Language: Английский

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Ocean conservation boosts climate change mitigation and adaptation

One Earth, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 5(10), P. 1126 - 1138

Published: Oct. 1, 2022

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly being promoted as an ocean-based climate solution. However, such claims remain controversial because of the diffuse and poorly synthesized literature on benefits MPAs. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic review 22,403 publications spanning 241 MPAs analyzed these across 16 ecological social pathways through which could contribute to change mitigation adaptation. Our meta-analysis demonstrates that marine conservation can significantly enhance carbon sequestration, coastal protection, biodiversity, reproductive capacity organisms well fishers' catch income. Most only achieved in fully or highly increase with MPA age. Although alone cannot offset all impacts, they useful tool for adaptation social-ecological systems.

Language: Английский

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A climate risk index for marine life

Nature Climate Change, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(9), P. 854 - 862

Published: Aug. 22, 2022

Language: Английский

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Enabling Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Systems: A Systematic Literature Review

Earth s Future, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(8)

Published: Aug. 1, 2023

Abstract Climate change poses increasingly severe risks for coastal ecosystems and communities all around the globe. This condition requires implementing climate adaptation policy advancing scientific knowledge to adapt current future risks. However, in areas is still its infancy. paper provides insight into 650 peer‐reviewed empirical research studies on from past two decades, providing global evidence status quo distilling six relevant gaps: (a) minimal contribution implementation phase of cycle; (b) geographical imbalance toward specific ecoregions sub‐systems; (c) less attention regional scale; (d) lack sectoral integration; (e) poor contextualization within governance instruments management arrangements; (f) limited economic financial focus. Therefore, this identifies where can help fill gaps improve communities' ability change. increased will enhance resilience social‐ecological systems face environmental challenges.

Language: Английский

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Evaluating the climate change robustness of Canadian protected area management plans

Geography and sustainability, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 100280 - 100280

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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A blueprint for securing Brazil's marine biodiversity and supporting the achievement of global conservation goals

Diversity and Distributions, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 27(2), P. 198 - 215

Published: Nov. 1, 2020

Abstract Aim As a step towards providing support for an ecological approach to strengthening marine protected areas (MPAs) and meeting international commitments, this study combines cumulative impact assessment conservation planning undertake large‐scale spatial prioritization. Location Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Brazil, Southwest Atlantic Ocean. Methods We developed prioritization protecting different habitat types, threatened species ranges connectivity, while also mitigating the impacts multiple threats on biodiversity. When identifying priorities conservation, we accounted co‐occurrence 24 human distribution 161 habitats 143 species, as well their associated vulnerabilities. Additionally, compared our with MPAs proposed by local stakeholders. Results show that are widespread identify hot spots inshore offshore areas. Industrial fisheries, climate change land‐based activities were most severe The highest mostly found coast due high in nearshore expected, systematic showed better performance selecting priority sites when stakeholders without typical exercise, increasing existing coverage only 7.9%. However, still provide some opportunities protect facing levels threats. Main conclusions presents blueprint how embrace comprehensive strategic conservation. advocate these crucial from degradation emerging efforts is key maintain biodiversity value.

Language: Английский

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Molecular ecology meets systematic conservation planning

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 38(2), P. 143 - 155

Published: Oct. 6, 2022

Molecular ecology (ME) and systematic conservation planning (SCP) have seen rapid technological advancements in recent decades, but the use of molecular data to conserve different aspects biodiversity remains operationally illusive.Here, core principles ME SCP are combined a novel way, showcasing how themes corresponding types from each field can complement other.A framework, including five practical steps, is provided guide both ecologists planners build plans that effectively integrate evolutionary features. Integrative proactive approaches critical long-term persistence biodiversity. provide important information on processes necessary for conserving multiple levels (genes, populations, species, ecosystems). However, rarely used spatial decision-making. Here, we bridge fields (the 'why') foundation inclusion into tools 'how'), implementing this integrative approach ecologists. The proposed framework enhances interdisciplinary capacity, which crucial achieving ambitious global goals envisioned next decade. world facing an anthropogenically driven crisis [1.Díaz S.M. et al.The Global Assessment Report Biodiversity Ecosystem Services: Summary Policy Makers. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform Services, 2019Google Scholar,2.Sippel S. al.Climate change now detectable any single day weather at scale.Nat. Clim. Chang. 2020; 10: 35-41Crossref Scopus (134) Google Scholar] must be urgently addressed restore ecosystem functions, mitigate climate change, maintain human well-being [3.Arneth A. al.Post-2020 targets need embrace change.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. 117: 30882-30891Crossref PubMed (115) Scholar,4.Leclère D. al.Bending curve terrestrial needs integrated strategy.Nature. 585: 551-556Crossref (343) Scholar]. Protected area establishment cornerstone conservation. protected system coverage has been increasing, marine ecosystems [5.Bingham H.C. al.Sixty years tracking progress using World Database Areas.Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2019; 3: 737-743Crossref (56) incomplete falls short safeguarding all [genes, populations (see Glossary), ecosystems] [6.Visconti P. al.Protected post-2020.Science. 2021; 364: 239-241Crossref (227) Consequently, actions needed places will promote resilience, adaptive potential, species changing [7.Des Roches al.Conserving intraspecific variation nature's contributions people.Nat. 5: 574-582Crossref (66) Over past 30 years, scientists rallied inform (ME [8.Avise J.C. al.Intraspecific phylogeography: mitochondrial DNA between population genetics systematics.Annu. Rev. Syst. 1987; 18: 489-522Crossref Scholar,9.Luikart G. power promise genomics: genotyping genome typing.Nat. Genet. 2003; 4: 981-994Crossref (981) Scholar]) developed as describing non-model/wild their within ecological context. Meanwhile, (SCP [10.Margules C.R. Pressey R.L. Systematic planning.Nature. 2000; 405: 243-253Crossref (4207) Scholar,11.Kirkpatrick J.B. An iterative method establishing priorities selection nature reserves: example Tasmania.Biol. Cons. 1983; 25: 127-134Crossref (379) emerged transparent, reproducible, quantitative identifying cost-effective priority areas As these continue develop, there growing acceptance they should decisions relevant objectives [12.Hoban al.Global commitments monitoring genetic diversity feasible.BioScience. 71: 964-976Crossref (67) Several subdisciplines suitable SCP, such extinction probabilities or landscape connectivity [13.Zizka al.Existing future directions link macroecology, macroevolution prioritization.Ecography. 6e05557Google Recent work described most highlighting diversity, dispersal, effective sizes (Ne) [14.Andrello M. al.Evolving prioritization with data.Trends 2022; 37: 553-564Abstract Full Text PDF (17) little guidance exists enable practitioners navigate when management, implement various genetic/genomic software, assess well being met [15.Holderegger R. al.Conservation genetics: linking science practice.Mol. 28: 3848-3856Crossref (68) present novel, reconciles identify Our ensures ecologically driven, meet criteria real-world implementation. To achieve this, concepts, themes, shared understanding decision-making 'why' section). We then outline procedures for: (i) defining objectives; (ii) collection; (iii) calculate metrics; spatially interpolate (iv) them 'how' grounded spatiotemporal natural offers metrics fundamental assessing, conserving, [16.Hoban status trends: towards suite Essential Variables (EBVs) composition.Biol. 97: 1511-1538Crossref (50) Major strong focus connectivity, differentiation, demography (hereafter, 'CADDD'). Connectivity describes level gene flow across distributional range, source/sink dynamics; potential refers variance potentially derived local selective pressures pertain genomic vulnerability its resilience environmental changes (here restrict definition relate amounts/frequencies genes assumed functions); represents extant (putatively neutral adaptive); differentiation relative degree isolation measured by differences allele frequencies among individuals clusters (populations); includes inbreeding Ne, historical both. Thus, CADDD encompasses putatively loci assuring Scholar,17.von der Heyden Making history count: coral reef fishes processes.Coral Reefs. 2017; 36: 183-194Crossref (23) Scholar,18.Clark R.D. al.Genomic signatures divergent clownfish range margins.Proc. Soc. B Biol. 288: 20210407Crossref (3) propose offer more clarity about whether objectives. concerned optimal application explicit management representation Scholar,19.Watson J.E.M. al.Systematic planning: past, future.Conserv. Biogeogr. 2011; 1: 136-160Crossref (90) It involves generating prioritizations sites objectives, while accounting social, economic, political constraints efficiently. Conservation objective examples include habitat threatened restoring isolated securing comprehensive Achieving requires clear choices ecosystems) facets (taxonomic, phylogenetic, functional) included [20.Carvalho S.B. al.Spatial spanning continuum.Nat. 0151Crossref (64) Scholar,21.Pollock L.J. al.Protecting (in complexity): new models methods.Trends 35: 1119-1128Abstract (79) dividing region units, calculating amount feature one, sets units goals. ensure feasible implementation, accounts economic opportunity costs, resource-use requirements (e.g., ensuring sufficient agricultural production recreational fishing [22.Moilanen Prioritization: Quantitative Methods Computational Tools. Oxford University Press, 2009Crossref Scholar]). maximize efficiency algorithms developed, Marxan [23.Ball I.R. al.Marxan relatives: software prioritisation.in: Moilanen Spatial Prioritisation: 2009: 185-195Google Scholar], Zonation [24.Moilanen al.Zonation—Spatial Planning Software. Version 4. User Manual. C-BIG Biology Informatics Group, 2014Google prioritizr R package [25.Hanson J.O. al.Prioritizr: Prioritization Package 4.1. 5. Project, 2020Google (Box 1). set decision-making, easily (Figure 1 Table Comprehensiveness sample main components interest ecoregions, types, species). insights comprehensiveness phylogenetic [26.Owen N.R. captures than just functional diversity.Nat. Commun. 859Crossref (63) find best represent lineages, [27.Rosauer D.F. al.Real-world Kimberley, Australia, sidesteps uncertain taxonomy.Conserv. Lett. 2018; 11e12438Crossref (32) Adequacy ability network viability habitats. adequacy, significant (ESUs), measuring quantifying estimating Ne [28.Corlett R.T. A bigger toolbox: biotechnology conservation.Trends Biotechnol. 55-65Abstract (91) Representativeness capture full variety areas, ideally biological organization. imperative assure suitably represented, instance, prioritizing ESU private alleles [29.Nielsen E.S. al.Multispecies planning.Conserv. 31: 872-882Crossref (38) Scholar,30.Paz-Vinas I. diversity.Proc. 285: 20172746Crossref (52) distinguish interspecific applying comprehensiveness, measures number populations) representativeness. Efficiency highlights consider costs foregone commercial activities [31.Watson K.B. al.Effects demand services.Conserv. 33: 942-952Crossref While unlikely contribute directly reserve efficiency, it facilitate providing procedures. relates counteract fragmentation protect corridors underpin functioning [32.Keeley A.T.H. al.Thirty assessment factors influencing plan implementation.Environ. Res. 14103001Crossref (60) connected lead demographic benefits metapopulations [33.Keeley al.Connectivity monitoring.Biol. Conserv. 255109008Crossref Scholar].Box 1Conservation decision support toolsCurrently, commonly Marxan, Zonation, Scholar, 24.Moilanen 25.Hanson These frame mathematical optimization problems solve generate prioritizations. Both import formats ESRI Shapefile GeoTIFF). Additional CLUZ QMarxan [88.Smith plugin QGIS: designing systems other networks.RIO. 5e33510Crossref Scholar]iii, available assist processing (step 4 'The how' In addition, Connect [70.Daigle R.M. al.Operationalizing Connect.Methods 11: 570-579Crossref (55) general-purpose tool enables inputting (i.e., animal tracking/dispersal data), genetic, structural resistance) features prioritizations.Each uses formulations express problems. For example, minimum formulation wherein goal 'cheapest' actions, expected meets threshold (termed 'representation target'). budget-limited overall feature, total cost does not exceed budget threshold. Finally, allows users create custom-built problem (including formulations). Additionally, tools, except (but see Zones [89.Watts M.E. Zones: based land- sea-use zoning.Environ. Model. Softw. 2009; 24: 1513-1521Crossref (421) Scholar]), accommodate zones.These also backward heuristic algorithm iteratively rank such, thresholds often imposed top 20% ranked units). simulated annealing algorithm, compared Although could prioritizations, do guarantee optimality [90.Hanson al.Optimality projects.Methods 1655-1663Crossref (15) Non-optimal solutions misdirect resources inefficiencies. overcome limitation, exact algorithms, flexibility quickly stakeholder negotiations Scholar,24.Moilanen Scholar].Table 1Matching fieldsaThis table specific ways intersect, respective (PA) systems.Conservation principlesMolecular principlesConnectivity (gene flow)Adaptive capacityDiversityDifferentiationDemographyComprehensive : PA contain broad biotic elements etc.)(a)(b)(c)OBJECTIVE: systemMETRICS:Phylogenetic endemismPhylogenetic diversity(d)OBJECTIVE: trees differencesPhylogeographic mapsPhylogenetic distinctiveness(e)Adequate: element habitat) persistence(f)(g)OBJECTIVE: probability under disturbancesMETRICS:Genomic vulnerabilityOutlier frequencyRare/private allelesPopulation index (PAI)Adaptive score (Sadapt)(h)OBJECTIVE: genetically diverse low inbreeding, high heterozygosity) METRICS:Proportion 'unit' (species, population, deme) required diversityNucleotide haplotype diversityHeterozygosityAllelic richness(i)OBJECTIVE: unique populationsMETRICS:Population structure (admixture plots)FST-based metricsGenetic distances Nei's distance)(j)OBJECTIVE: adequate stability)METRICS:NeInbreeding coefficientsDemographic simulationsRepresentative: reflects ecotypes, etc.)(k)(l)OBJECTIVE: genotypesMETRICS:Allele candidate pertaining featuresAdaptive diversityDifferently adapted lineages(m)OBJECTIVE: rare allelesMETRICS:Haplotype networksRare/private allelesNeutral clustering(n)OBJECTIVE: Represent evolutionarily populations/lineagesMETRICS:Population plots/PCAs)FST-based Genetic distancesLineage delineations(o)OBJECTIVE: dynamics metapopulation processes, adaptation, divergence)METRICS:Measures hybridization inbreedingNe growth ratesSimulated eco-evolutionary dynamicsEfficient: cost-effectiveConnectivity: linkages sites(p)OBJECTIVE: Maintain and/or enhance METRICS:Migration rates (m)Effective migrantsSlatkin's psi(q)OBJECTIVE: Ensure beneficial adaptations export represented rescue)METRICS:Allele rare/private alleles(r)OBJECTIVE: prioritized over othersMETRICS:Connectivity combination with:Nucleotide richness(s)(t)OBJECTIVE: source sink migrants populations)METRICS:Effective migrantsConnectivity measuresMigration resistance surfacesa This systems. Open tab Currently, Each zones.

Language: Английский

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A framework for climate change adaptation indicators for the natural environment

Ecological Indicators, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 136, P. 108690 - 108690

Published: Feb. 24, 2022

Impacts of climate change on natural and human systems will become increasingly severe as the magnitude increases. Climate adaptation interventions to address current projected impacts are thus paramount. Yet, evidence their effectiveness remains limited, highlighting need for appropriate ecological indicators measure progress environment. We outline conceptual, analytical, practical challenges in developing such indicators, before proposing a framework with three process-based two results-based indicator types track adapting change. emphasize importance dynamic assessment modification over time, new targets set and/or intervention actions monitored evaluated. Our proposed flexible widely applicable across species, habitats, monitoring programmes, could be accommodated within existing national or international frameworks enable evaluation both large-scale policy instruments local management interventions. conclude by suggesting further work required develop these fully, hope this stimulate use evaluate environment globe.

Language: Английский

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