Gut-brain Axis and migraine headache: a comprehensive review

The Journal of Headache and Pain, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: Feb. 13, 2020

Abstract The terminology “gut-brain axis “points out a bidirectional relationship between the GI system and central nervous (CNS). To date, several researches have shown that migraine is associated with some gastrointestinal (GI) disorders such as Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), celiac disease (CD). present review article aims to discuss direct indirect evidence suggesting relationships gut-brain axis. However, mechanisms explaining how gut brain may interact in patients are not entirely clear. Studies suggest this interaction seems be influenced by multiple factors inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α), microbiota profile, neuropeptides serotonin pathway, stress hormones nutritional substances. Neuropeptides including CGRP, SP, VIP, NPY thought antimicrobial impact on variety of bacterial strains thus speculated involved brain. According current knowledge, headache harboring HP might improved following bacteria eradication. Migraineurs long history high frequency higher chance being diagnosed IBS. IBS share similarities can alter microflora composition thereby affect status. Migraine has been also CD condition should searched particularly occipital parieto-occipital calcification at neuroimaging. In those patients, gluten-free diet effective reducing frequency. It proposed dietary approaches beneficial effects appropriate consumption fiber per day, adhering low glycemic index diet, supplementation vitamin D, omega-3 probiotics well weight loss plans for overweight obese patients.

Language: Английский

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Advances in genetics of migraine

The Journal of Headache and Pain, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 20(1)

Published: June 21, 2019

Migraine is a complex neurovascular disorder with strong genetic component. There are rare monogenic forms of migraine, as well more common polygenic forms; research into the genes involved in both types has provided insights many contributing factors. This review summarises advances that have been made knowledge and understanding variations implicated migraine etiology.Migraine characterised two main types, without aura (MO) (MA). Hemiplegic MA subtype caused by mutations three - CACNA1A, ATP1A2 SCN1A which encode ion channel transport proteins. Functional studies cellular animal models show that, general, result impaired glutamatergic neurotransmission cortical hyperexcitability, make brain susceptible to spreading depression, phenomenon thought coincide symptoms. Variants other encoding channels solute carriers, or roles regulating neurotransmitters at neuronal synapses, vascular function, can also cause hemiplegic related disorders overlapping Next-generation sequencing will accelerate finding new potentially causal variants genes, high-throughput bioinformatics analysis methods functional pipelines important prioritising, confirming mechanisms disease-causing variants. With respect forms, large genome-wide association (GWAS) greatly expanded our involved, emphasizing role pathways. Dissecting architecture leads greater what underpins relationships between subtypes comorbid disorders, may utility diagnosis tailoring treatments. Further work required identify polymorphisms mechanism their effect, gene expression epigenetic factors help bridge genetics pathophysiology.The complexity mirrored complexity. A comprehensive underpinning lead improved molecular pathogenesis, enable better treatments for sufferers.

Language: Английский

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Mechanism of Action of OnabotulinumtoxinA in Chronic Migraine: A Narrative Review

Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 60(7), P. 1259 - 1272

Published: June 30, 2020

To review the literature on mechanism of action onabotulinumtoxinA in chronic migraine.OnabotulinumtoxinA is a migraine preventive treatment that significantly reduces headache frequency. The traditional described for - reducing muscle contractions insufficient to explain its efficacy migraine, which primarily sensory neurological disease.A narrative migraine.Following injection into tissues, inhibits soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion attachment protein receptor (SNARE)-mediated vesicle trafficking by cleaving one essential proteins, (SNAP-25), occurs both motor and nerves. OnabotulinumtoxinA regulated exocytosis neurochemicals as well membrane insertion peripheral receptors convey pain from periphery brain, because processes are SNARE dependent. can decrease pro-inflammatory excitatory neurotransmitters neuropeptides such substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, glutamate primary afferent fibers transmit nociceptive participate development central sensitization. also decreases pain-sensitive ion channels transient potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) membranes neurons; this likely enhanced sensitized neuron. For prevention, injected 31-39 sites 7 muscles head neck. Sensory nerve endings neurons whose cell bodies located trigeminal cervical ganglia distributed throughout muscles, overactive people with migraine. Through inhibition these endings, number signals reach brain consequently prevents activation sensitization postulated be involved chronification.OnabotulinumtoxinA acts via mechanisms treat

Language: Английский

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Migraine and Diet

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(6), P. 1658 - 1658

Published: June 3, 2020

Migraine is characterized by recurrent attacks of disabling headaches, often accompanied sensory and motor disturbances. Clinical manifestations migraine are influenced dietary behaviors elements. Several triggers for have been identified, leading to the definition strategies such as elimination diets, ketogenic comprehensive mainly help prevent migraine. Although inconsistency present in literature no consensus exists, available data promising supporting beneficial interventions some patients. factors influence net outcome, including age, sex, genetics, environmental factors. Advancement understanding underlying mechanisms pathogenesis how can interfere with those has encouraged investigators consider diet a disease-modifying agent, which may also gut–brain axis or epigenetics Future work holds potential phenotyping patients offering personalized recommendations line biopsychosocial models management Diet, an important element lifestyle, modifiable aspect that needs further attention. Well-designed, systematic, mechanism-driven research needed provide evidence-based specific This narrative review aims current status future perspective on migraine, order stimulate awareness.

Language: Английский

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Genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, management, and prevention of migraine

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 139, P. 111557 - 111557

Published: May 18, 2021

Migraine is a neurological ailment that characterized by severe throbbing unilateral headache and associated with nausea, photophobia, phonophobia vomiting. A full clear mechanism of the pathogenesis migraine, though studied extensively, has not been established yet. The current available information indicates an intracranial network activation culminates in sensitization trigemino-vascular system, release inflammatory markers, initiation meningeal-like reaction sensed as headache. Genetic factors might play significant role deciding individual's susceptibility to migraine. Twin studies have revealed single gene polymorphism can lead migraine individuals monogenic disorder. In this review, we describe recent advancements genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, management, prevention We also discuss potential roles genetic abnormal factors, including some metabolic triggering result attacks. This review will help accumulate knowledge about understanding its provides up-to-date strategies.

Language: Английский

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Hormonal influences in migraine — interactions of oestrogen, oxytocin and CGRP

Nature Reviews Neurology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 17(10), P. 621 - 633

Published: Sept. 20, 2021

Language: Английский

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IL-17 crosses the blood–brain barrier to trigger neuroinflammation: a novel mechanism in nitroglycerin-induced chronic migraine

The Journal of Headache and Pain, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: Jan. 3, 2022

Chronic migraine places a disabling burden on patients, which is extensively modeled by the nitroglycerin (NTG)-treated animal model. Although NF-κB pathway involved in an increase CGRP levels and activation of trigeminal system NTG model, relationship between neuroinflammation remains unclear. This study aimed to optimize chronic rat model with hyperalgesia ethological capacity for estimating therapies further explore underlying mechanism NTG-induced migraine.Rats were administered different doses s.c. daily or every 2 d; 30 min h later, mechanical threshold was tested. After 9 d, rats injected EB Cy5.5 permeability assay. The other animals sacrificed, then, brainstem caudal ganglion removed test CGRP, c-Fos NOS activity; Cytokines tissue serum measured ELISA; blood-brain barrier (BBB)-related indicators analyzed using western blotting. Immunohistochemistry performed observe microglial polarization IL-17A+ T cell migration medulla oblongata.NTG (10 mg/kg, s.c., d total 5 injections) optimal condition, resulting progressive behavior. TNC increases cytokines, observed, these changes alleviated ibuprofen. Furthermore, administration increased BBB altering functional proteins (RAGE, LRP1, AQP4 MFSD2A) structural (ZO-1, Occludin VE-cadherin-2) peripheral IL-17A permeation into oblongata, activating microglia neuroinflammation, eventually causing attack.This confirmed that condition provoke migraine, observable migraine-like crossed triggering through microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. process novel suggesting might be target treatment migraine.

Language: Английский

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Migraine: from pathophysiology to treatment

Journal of Neurology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 270(7), P. 3654 - 3666

Published: April 8, 2023

Migraine is an extremely disabling, common neurological disorder characterized by a complex neurobiology, involving series of central and peripheral nervous system areas networks. A growing increase in the understanding migraine pathophysiology recent years has facilitated translation that knowledge into novel treatments, which are currently becoming available to patients many parts world substantially changing clinical approach disease. In first part this review, we will provide up date overview analyzing anatomy function main regions involved disease, focusing on how these give rise plethora symptoms characterizing attacks overall The second paper discuss therapeutic agents have emerged for treatment migraine, including molecules targeting calcitonin gene-related peptide (gepants monoclonal antibodies), serotonin 5-HT1F receptor agonists (ditans) non-invasive neuromodulation, as well providing brief new evidence classic treatments.

Language: Английский

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Shared and independent roles of CGRP and PACAP in migraine pathophysiology

The Journal of Headache and Pain, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(1)

Published: April 3, 2023

The neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) have emerged as mediators of migraine pathogenesis. Both are vasodilatory peptides that can cause migraine-like attacks when infused into people symptoms injected rodents. In this narrative review, we compare the similarities differences between in both their clinical preclinical actions. A notable difference is PACAP, but not CGRP, causes premonitory-like patients. found distinct, overlapping areas relevant to migraine, most notably with prevalence CGRP trigeminal ganglia PACAP sphenopalatine ganglia. rodents, two share activities, including vasodilation, neurogenic inflammation, nociception. Most strikingly, similar rodents manifested light aversion tactile allodynia. Yet, appear act by independent mechanisms possibly distinct intracellular signaling pathways. complexity these pathways magnified existence multiple receptors may contribute Based on differences, suggest its provide a rich set targets complement augment current CGRP-based therapeutics.

Language: Английский

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Hallmarks of primary headache: part 1 – migraine

The Journal of Headache and Pain, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(1)

Published: Oct. 31, 2024

Migraine is a common disabling conditions which, globally, affects 15.2% of the population. It second cause health loss in terms years lived with disability, first among women. Despite being so common, it poorly recognised and too often undertreated. Specialty centres neurologists specific expertise on headache disorders have knowledge to provide care: however, those who do not regularly treat patients migraine will benefit from synopsis most relevant updated information about this condition. This paper presents comprehensive view hallmarks migraine, genetics diagnostic markers, up treatments societal impact, reports elements that identify features.

Language: Английский

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