Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders: the roles of microglia and astrocytes

Translational Neurodegeneration, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: Nov. 26, 2020

Abstract Neuroinflammation is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Microglia astrocytes are key regulators of inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. The activation microglia heterogeneous traditionally categorized neurotoxic (M1-phenotype A1-phenotype astrocytes) or neuroprotective (M2-phenotype A2-phenotype astrocytes). However, this dichotomized classification may not reflect various phenotypes astrocytes. relationship between these activated glial cells also very complicated, phenotypic distribution can change, based on progression diseases. A better understanding roles diseases essential for developing effective therapies. In review, we discuss response focusing contributions their relationship. addition, biomarkers to measure neuroinflammation studies therapeutic drugs that modulate neuroinflammation.

Language: Английский

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Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress: A Mutual Interplay in Age-Related Diseases

Frontiers in Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Oct. 16, 2018

Aging is the progressive loss of organ and tissue function over time. Growing older positively linked to cognitive biological degeneration such as physical frailty, psychological impairment, decline. Oxidative stress considered an imbalance between pro- antioxidant species, which results in molecular cellular damage. plays a crucial role development age-related diseases. Emerging research evidence has suggested that can control autoxidation by interrupting propagation free radicals or inhibiting formation subsequently reduce oxidative stress, improve immune function, increase healthy longevity. Indeed, oxidation damage highly dependent on inherited acquired defects enzymes involved redox-mediated signaling pathways. Therefore, molecules with activity promote aging counteract worth discuss further. Of particular interest this article, we highlighted mechanisms antioxidants prevention Taken together, better understanding redox modulation inflammation would provide useful approach for potential interventions, promoting

Language: Английский

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An Overview of Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegenerative Diseases

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(11), P. 5938 - 5938

Published: May 25, 2022

Oxidative stress has been linked with a variety of diseases, being involved in the debut and/or progress several neurodegenerative disorders. This review intends to summarize some findings that correlate overproduction reactive oxygen species pathophysiology Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s Huntington’s and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. was also noted modify inflammatory response. Even though oxidative neuroinflammation are two totally different pathological events, they affect one another. Nonetheless, there still mechanisms need be understood regarding onset diseases order develop efficient therapies. As antioxidants means alter slow down symptoms these most common antioxidants, enzymatic as well non-enzymatic, have mentioned this paper therapeutic options for discussed

Language: Английский

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Inflammation and cancer

Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: Oct. 19, 2018

Infection and inflammation account for approximately 25% of cancer-causing factors. Inflammation-related cancers are characterized by mutagenic DNA lesions, such as 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) 8-nitroguanine. Our previous studies demonstrated the formation 8-oxodG 8-nitroguanine in tissues cancer precancerous lesions due to infection (e.g., Opisthorchis viverrini-related cholangiocarcinoma, Schistosoma haematobium-associated bladder cancer, Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric human papillomavirus-related cervical Epstein-Barr virus-infected nasopharyngeal carcinoma) pro-inflammatory factors asbestos, nanomaterials, inflammatory diseases Barrett's esophagus oral leukoplakia). Interestingly, several our suggested that inflammation-associated damage stem-like cells leads development with aggressive clinical features. Reactive oxygen/nitrogen species from not only but also other biomacromolecules, proteins lipids, resulting their dysfunction. We identified oxidatively damaged 2D Oxyblot followed MALDI-TOF/TOF. As an example, transferrin released iron ion, which may mediate Fenton reactions generate additional reactive oxygen species. Dysfunction anti-oxidative this might increase oxidative stress. Such biomacromolecules form a vicious cycle stress, leading development. Epigenetic alterations methylation microRNA dysregulation play vital roles carcinogenesis, especially inflammation-related cancers. examined epigenetic alterations, dysregulation, virus-related carcinoma endemic area Southern China found differentially methylated tumor suppressor gene candidates using next-generation sequencer. Among these candidates, we revealed higher rates RAS-like estrogen-regulated growth inhibitor (RERG) biopsy specimens more conveniently restriction enzyme-based real-time PCR. This result help improve screening strategies. profiled microRNAs microarrays. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis confirmed concordant downregulation miR-497 plasma, suggesting plasma could be used diagnostic biomarker carcinoma. Chronic promotes genetic aberrations, various pathogeneses. These changes useful biomarkers liquid early detection prevention cancer.

Language: Английский

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Microglia Polarization From M1 to M2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: Feb. 16, 2022

Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple (MS). Microglia can be categorized into two opposite types: classical (M1) or alternative (M2), though there's continuum different intermediate phenotypes between M1 M2, microglia transit from one phenotype to another. release inflammatory mediators induce inflammation neurotoxicity, while M2 anti-inflammatory neuroprotectivity. considered double-edged sword, performing both harmful helpful effects in diseases. Previous studies showed that balancing M1/M2 polarization had promising therapeutic prospect We suggest shifting may significant we focus on the modulation especially by important signal pathways,

Language: Английский

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Bidirectional Microglia–Neuron Communication in Health and Disease

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: Sept. 27, 2018

Microglia are ramified cells that exhibit highly motile processes, which continuously survey the brain parenchyma and react to any insult CNS homeostasis. Although microglia have long been recognized as a crucial player in generating maintaining inflammatory responses CNS, now it has become clear, their function much more diverse, particularly healthy brain. The innate immune response phagocytosis represent only little segment of functional repertoire also includes maintenance biochemical homeostasis, neuronal circuit maturation during development experience- dependent remodeling circuits adult Being equipped by numerous receptors cell surface molecules can perform bidirectional interactions with other types CNS. There is accumulating evidence showing neurons inform about status thus capable controlling microglial activation motility while modulate activities. This review addresses topic: how communicate brain, including fractalkine signaling, secreted soluble factors extracellular vesicles. We summarize current state knowledge physiological role mature further highlight contribution pathologies such Alzheimer's Parkinson's disease, ischemia, traumatic injury, tumour well neuropsychiatric diseases (depression, bipolar disorder schizophrenia).

Language: Английский

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Peripheral inflammation and blood–brain barrier disruption: effects and mechanisms

CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 27(1), P. 36 - 47

Published: Dec. 30, 2020

Abstract The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiological that separates the central nervous system (CNS) from peripheral circulation, which contains inflammatory mediators and immune cells. BBB regulates cellular molecular exchange between blood vessels brain parenchyma. Normal functioning of crucial for homeostasis proper function brain. It has been demonstrated inflammation can disrupt by various pathways, resulting in different CNS diseases. Recently, clinical research also showed complications following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐T cell therapy, both lead to a cytokine storm circulation. Therefore, elucidation mechanisms underlying disruption induced will provide basis protecting context exacerbated In present review, we first summarize properties makes immune‐privileged organ. We then discuss relevance inflammation‐induced Finally, elaborate factors BBB.

Language: Английский

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Melatonin and inflammation—Story of a double‐edged blade

Journal of Pineal Research, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 65(4)

Published: Sept. 22, 2018

Melatonin is an immune modulator that displays both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. Proinflammatory actions, which are well documented by many studies in isolated cells or leukocyte-derived cell lines, can be assumed to enhance the resistance against pathogens. However, they detrimental autoimmune diseases. Anti-inflammatory actions of particular medicinal interest, because observed high-grade inflammation such as sepsis, ischemia/reperfusion, brain injury, also low-grade during aging neurodegenerative The mechanisms contributing effects manifold comprise various pathways secondary signaling. These include numerous antioxidant effects, downregulation inducible inhibition neuronal NO synthases, cyclooxygenase-2, high-mobility group box-1 signaling toll-like receptor-4 activation, prevention inflammasome NLRP3 NF-κB activation upregulation nuclear factor erythroid 2-related 2 (Nrf2). reflected proinflammatory cytokines. amyloid-β peptides reduced enhancing α-secretase β- γ-secretases. A role melatonin's seems associated with sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), shares known from melatonin additionally interferes mechanistic target rapamycin (mTOR) Notch, reduces expression lncRNA-CCL2. conclusion on a partial mediation SIRT1 supported repeatedly inhibitions sirtuin inhibitors knockdown.

Language: Английский

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Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes

Communications Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 4(1)

Published: Nov. 18, 2021

Modern societies are experiencing an increasing trend of reduced sleep duration, with nocturnal sleeping time below the recommended ranges for health. Epidemiological and laboratory studies have demonstrated detrimental effects deprivation on Sleep exerts immune-supportive function, promoting host defense against infection inflammatory insults. has been associated alterations innate adaptive immune parameters, leading to a chronic state increased risk infectious/inflammatory pathologies, including cardiometabolic, neoplastic, autoimmune neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review recent advancements responses as evidenced by experimental epidemiological studies, pathophysiology, role deprivation-induced changes in Gaps knowledge methodological pitfalls still remain. Further understanding causal relationship between deregulation would help identify individuals at disease prevent adverse health outcomes.

Language: Английский

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Development of Polymeric Nanoparticles for Blood–Brain Barrier Transfer—Strategies and Challenges

Advanced Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 8(10)

Published: March 7, 2021

Neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and brain cancers are difficult to treat with current drugs their delivery efficacy the is severely hampered by presence of blood-brain barrier (BBB). Drug systems have been extensively explored in recent decades aiming circumvent this barrier. In particular, polymeric nanoparticles shown enormous potentials owing unique properties, high tunability, ease synthesis, control over drug release profile. However, careful analysis performance effective transport across BBB should be performed using clinically relevant testing models. review, nanoparticle for central nervous system discussed an emphasis on effects particle size, shape, surface modifications penetration. Moreover, authors critically analyze vitro vivo models used evaluate penetration efficacy, including latest developments BBB-on-a-chip Finally, challenges future perspectives development combat neurological discussed.

Language: Английский

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