Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society,
Journal Year:
2012,
Volume and Issue:
88(3), P. 537 - 549
Published: Dec. 24, 2012
Increased
urbanization
represents
a
formidable
challenge
for
wildlife.
Nevertheless,
few
species
appear
to
thrive
in
the
evolutionarily
novel
environment
created
by
cities,
demonstrating
remarkable
adaptability
of
some
animals.
We
argue
that
individuals
can
adjust
their
behaviours
new
selection
pressures
presented
cities
should
have
greater
success
urban
habitats.
Accordingly,
wildlife
often
exhibit
differ
from
those
rural
counterparts,
changes
food
and
den
preferences
adjustments
structure
signals.
Research
suggests
behavioural
flexibility
(or
phenotypic
plasticity)
may
be
an
important
characteristic
succeeding
environments.
Moreover,
or
might
possess
traits
(a
particular
temperament)
are
inherently
well
suited
occupying
habitats,
such
as
high
level
disturbance
tolerance.
This
members
less
‘plastic’
naturally
timid
temperament
likely
disadvantaged
high‐disturbance
environments
consequently
precluded
colonizing
towns.
Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
91(4), P. 982 - 1005
Published: June 26, 2015
ABSTRACT
Global
increases
in
environmental
noise
levels
–
arising
from
expansion
of
human
populations,
transportation
networks,
and
resource
extraction
have
catalysed
a
recent
surge
research
into
the
effects
on
wildlife.
Synthesising
coherent
understanding
biological
consequences
this
literature
is
challenging.
Taxonomic
groups
vary
auditory
capabilities.
A
wide
range
sources
exposure
occur,
many
kinds
responses
been
observed,
ranging
individual
behaviours
to
changes
ecological
communities.
Also,
one
several
generated
by
activities,
so
researchers
must
contend
with
potentially
confounding
explanations
for
responses.
Nonetheless,
it
clear
that
presents
diverse
threats
species
ecosystems
salient
patterns
are
emerging
help
inform
future
natural
resource‐management
decisions.
We
conducted
systematic
standardised
review
scientific
published
1990
2013
anthropogenic
wildlife,
including
both
terrestrial
aquatic
studies.
Research
date
has
concentrated
predominantly
E
uropean
N
orth
merican
rely
vocal
communication,
approximately
two‐thirds
data
set
focussing
songbirds
marine
mammals.
The
majority
studies
documented
noise,
altered
behaviour
mitigate
masking,
reduced
abundance
noisy
habitats,
vigilance
foraging
behaviour,
impacts
fitness
structure
This
survey
shows
wildlife
begin
at
40
dBA
,
20%
papers
below
50
.
Our
analysis
highlights
utility
existing
information
concerning
predicting
potential
outcomes
implementing
meaningful
mitigation
measures.
Future
directions
would
support
more
comprehensive
predictions
regarding
magnitude
severity
include:
broadening
taxonomic
geographical
scope,
exploring
interacting
stressors,
conducting
larger‐scale
studies,
testing
approaches,
standardising
reporting
acoustic
metrics,
assessing
response
noise‐source
removal
or
mitigation.
broad
volume
offers
valuable
assist
scientists,
industry,
natural‐resource
managers
exposure.
Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society,
Journal Year:
2010,
Volume and Issue:
86(3), P. 640 - 657
Published: Oct. 27, 2010
The
initial
response
of
individuals
to
human‐induced
environmental
change
is
often
behavioural.
This
can
improve
the
performance
under
sudden,
large‐scale
perturbations
and
maintain
viable
populations.
also
give
additional
time
for
genetic
changes
arise
and,
hence,
facilitate
adaptation
new
conditions.
On
other
hand,
maladaptive
responses,
which
reduce
individual
fitness,
may
occur
when
encounter
conditions
that
population
has
not
experienced
during
its
evolutionary
history,
decrease
viability.
A
growing
number
studies
find
human
disturbances
induce
behavioural
both
directly
by
altering
factors
influence
fitness.
Common
causes
responses
are
in
transmission
information,
concentration
endocrine
disrupters,
availability
resources,
possibility
dispersal,
abundance
interacting
species.
Frequent
alterations
habitat
choice,
movements,
foraging,
social
behaviour
reproductive
behaviour.
Behavioural
depend
on
genetically
determined
reaction
norm
individuals,
evolves
over
generations.
Populations
first
respond
with
plasticity,
whereafter
through
innovations
patterns
within
across
generations,
finally,
evolution
Only
a
restricted
species
show
adaptations
make
them
thrive
severely
disturbed
environments.
Hence,
rapid
diversity
native
species,
while
facilitating
spread
invasive
highly
plastic
behaviours.
Consequently,
have
profound
effects
distribution,
adaptation,
speciation
extinction
populations
biodiversity.
better
understanding
mechanisms
their
consequences
could
our
ability
predict
Ecology Letters,
Journal Year:
2011,
Volume and Issue:
14(10), P. 1052 - 1061
Published: Aug. 2, 2011
The
scope
and
magnitude
of
anthropogenic
noise
pollution
are
often
much
greater
than
those
natural
predicted
to
have
an
array
deleterious
effects
on
wildlife.
Recent
work
this
topic
has
focused
mainly
behavioural
responses
animals
exposed
noise.
Here,
by
outlining
the
acoustic
stimuli
animal
physiology,
development,
neural
function
genetic
effects,
we
advocate
use
a
more
mechanistic
approach
in
environments.
Specifically,
summarise
evidence
hypotheses
from
research
laboratory,
domestic
free-living
biotic
abiotic
stimuli,
studied
both
observationally
experimentally.
We
hope
that
molecular-
cellular-focused
literature,
which
examines
neuroendocrine
system,
reproduction
metabolism,
cardiovascular
health,
cognition
sleep,
audition,
immune
DNA
integrity
gene
expression,
will
help
researchers
better
understand
results
previous
work,
as
well
identify
new
avenues
future
Furthermore,
given
interconnectedness
these
physiological,
cellular
processes,
their
behaviour
fitness,
suggest
can
be
learned
integrative
framework
how
why
affected
environmental
