Melatonin Synthesis and Function: Evolutionary History in Animals and Plants

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: April 17, 2019

Melatonin is an ancient molecule that can be traced back to the origin of life. Melatonin's initial function was likely as a free radical scavenger. presumably evolved in bacteria; it has been measured both α-proteobacteria and photosynthetic cyanobacteria. In early evolution, bacteria were phagocytosed by primitive eukaryotes for their nutrient value. According endosymbiotic theory, ingested eventually developed symbiotic association with host eukaryotes. The into mitochondria while cyanobacteria became chloroplasts organelles retained ability produce melatonin. Since these have persisted present day, all species ever existed or currently exist may continue synthesize melatonin (animals plants) (plants) where functions antioxidant. other functions, including its multiple receptors, later evolution. day animals, via receptor-mediated means, regulation sleep, modulation circadian rhythms, enhancement immunity, multifunctional oncostatic agent, etc., retaining reduce oxidative stress processes are, part, receptor-independent. plants, continues reducing well promoting seed germination growth, improving resistance, stimulating immune system modulating rhythms; single receptor identified land plants controls stomatal closure on leaves. synthetic pathway varies somewhat between animals. amino acid, tryptophan, necessary precursor taxa. tryptophan initially hydroxylated 5-hydroxytryptophan which then decarboxylated formation serotonin. Serotonin either acetylated

Language: Английский

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Melatonin Suppresses Ferroptosis Induced by High Glucose via Activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway in Type 2 Diabetic Osteoporosis

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 2020, P. 1 - 18

Published: Dec. 4, 2020

Ferroptosis is recently identified, an iron- and reactive oxygen species- (ROS-) dependent form of regulated cell death. This study was designed to determine the existence ferroptosis in pathogenesis type 2 diabetic osteoporosis confirm that melatonin can inhibit osteoblasts through activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway improve bone microstructure vivo vitro. We treated MC3T3-E1 cells with different concentrations (1, 10, or 100 μM) exposed them high glucose (25.5 mM) for 48 h Our data showed induce osteoblast cytotoxicity accumulation lipid peroxide, mitochondria show same morphology changes as erastin treatment group, expression ferroptosis-related proteins glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) cystine-glutamate antiporter (SLC7A11) downregulated, but these effects were reversed by inhibitor ferrastatin-1 iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO). Furthermore, western blot real-time polymerase chain reaction used detect levels nuclear factor erythroid 2-related (Nrf2) heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1); osteogenic capacity evaluated alizarin red S staining osteoprotegerin, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase; results 1, μM melatonins significantly higher than after using Nrf2-SiRNA interference, therapeutic effect inhibited. also performed experiments a rat model two (10, 50 mg/kg). Dynamic histomorphometry micro-CT observe microstructure, GPX4 Nrf2 determined immunohistochemistry. Here, we first report induces via increased ROS/lipid peroxidation/glutathione depletion osteoporosis. More importantly, reduced level improved

Language: Английский

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Melatonin and calcium function synergistically to promote the resilience through ROS metabolism under arsenic-induced stress

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 398, P. 122882 - 122882

Published: May 15, 2020

Language: Английский

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Melatonin metabolism, signaling and possible roles in plants

The Plant Journal, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 105(2), P. 376 - 391

Published: July 9, 2020

Summary Melatonin is a multifunctional biomolecule found in both animals and plants. In this review, the biosynthesis, levels, signaling, possible roles of melatonin its metabolites plants summarized. Tryptamine 5‐hydroxylase (T5H), which catalyzes conversion tryptamine into serotonin, has been proposed as target to create knockout mutant presenting lesion‐mimic phenotype rice. With reduced anabolic capacity for biosynthesis an increased catabolic metabolism, all generally maintain low levels. Some plants, including Arabidopsis Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), do not possess tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), first committed step enzyme required biosynthesis. Major include cyclic 3‐hydroxymelatonin (3‐OHM) 2‐hydroxymelatonin (2‐OHM). Other such N 1 ‐acetyl‐ 2 ‐formyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine (AFMK), ‐acetyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine (AMK) 5‐methoxytryptamine (5‐MT) are also produced when applied Oryza sativa (rice). The signaling pathways act via mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, possibly with Cand2 acting receptor, although integrity remains controversial. mediates many important functions growth stimulation stress tolerance through potent antioxidant activity function activating MAPK cascade. concentration distribution appears be species specific because corresponding enzymes M2H, M3H, catalases, indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) ‐acetylserotonin deacetylase (ASDAC) differentially expressed among plant even different tissues within species. Differential levels can lead differential physiological effects either exogenously or overproduced ectopic overexpression.

Language: Английский

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Hormones and oxidative stress: an overview

Free Radical Research, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 54(1), P. 1 - 26

Published: Dec. 22, 2019

In aerobes, oxygen is essential for maintenance of life. However, incomplete reduction leads to generation reactive species. These oxidants oxidise biological macromolecules present in their vicinity and thereby impair cellular functions causing oxidative stress (OS). Aerobes have evolved both enzymatic nonenzymatic antioxidant defences protect themselves from OS. Although hormones as means coordination involve regulation physiological activities tissues by regulating metabolism, any change normal titre pathophysiological states. While, such melatonin, insulin, oestrogen, progesterone display features, thyroid hormone, corticosteroids catecholamines elicit free radical OS, the role testosterone inducing OS debateable. This review an attempt understand impact cross talk between modulating defence system under various conditions.

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms of BCG in the treatment of bladder cancer-current understanding and the prospect

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 129, P. 110393 - 110393

Published: June 16, 2020

Over 30 years' successful application of Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) to the clinical treatment bladder cancer has proved it one most promising immunotherapies for cancer. However, applications and achievements have failed uncover mechanism BCG works on fully. Clinically, administration patients results in no effect, or apparent resistance, even severe adverse reactions, which are inexplicable. At present, widely confirmed accepted immunity fall processes absorption after instillation BCG, internalization cytokine release induced by a series signal transduction pathways, effect stage innate acquired immune responses. Nonetheless, limited ascertainments action cannot fully explain phenomenon caused BCG. Therefore, other mechanisms remained research hotspot aiming explore more targeted treatments initiate new therapeutic methods avoiding harm. By summarizing recent cancer, this review aims provide clues researchers quest valuable ideas.

Language: Английский

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Nano-ZnO-Induced Drought Tolerance Is Associated with Melatonin Synthesis and Metabolism in Maize

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 21(3), P. 782 - 782

Published: Jan. 25, 2020

The applications of ZnO nanoparticles in agriculture have largely contributed to crop growth regulation, quality enhancement, and induction stress tolerance, while the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Herein, involvement melatonin synthesis metabolism process nano-ZnO induced drought tolerance was investigated maize. Drought resulted changes subcellular ultrastructure, accumulation malondialdehyde osmolytes leaf. (100 mg L−1) application promoted activated antioxidant enzyme system, which alleviated drought-induced damage mitochondria chloroplast. These were associated with upregulation relative transcript abundance Fe/Mn SOD, Cu/Zn APX, CAT, TDC, SNAT, COMT, ASMT by application. It suggested that modifications endogenous involved

Language: Английский

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Applications of nitric oxide and melatonin in improving postharvest fruit quality and the separate and crosstalk biochemical mechanisms

Trends in Food Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 99, P. 531 - 541

Published: March 20, 2020

Language: Английский

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Phytomelatonin: An Emerging Regulator of Plant Biotic Stress Resistance

Trends in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 26(1), P. 70 - 82

Published: Sept. 4, 2020

Language: Английский

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Melatonin-Mediated Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants

Frontiers in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: May 9, 2022

Melatonin is a multi-functional molecule that ubiquitous in all living organisms. performs essential roles plant stress tolerance; its application can reduce the harmful effects of abiotic stresses. Plant melatonin biosynthesis, which usually occurs within chloroplasts, and related metabolic pathways have been extensively characterized. regulates responses by directly inhibiting accumulation reactive oxygen nitrogen species, indirectly affecting response pathways. In this review, we summarize recent research concerning metabolism, antioxidation; focus on melatonin-mediated tolerance to stresses including drought, waterlogging, salt, heat, cold, heavy metal toxicity, light others. We also examine exogenous treatment plants under stress. Finally, discuss future perspectives applications plants.

Language: Английский

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