Molecular Ecology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 31(23), P. 5909 - 5916
Published: Nov. 4, 2022
Telomeres are fascinating stretches of protective DNA that cap the chromosome ends eukaryotes. Without telomeres, during cell division and replication, repair proteins would misread chromosomes attempt to or remove this region genome, leading instability. Furthermore, loss inevitably occurs replication due “end problem” oxidative damage erode coding sequences chromosomes, eventually causing genome malfunction. Thus functional telomeres protect integrity. In absence telomere restoration, some reduction in length will occur with each division, giving rise replicative senescence often followed by death. Short and/or dysfunctional underly many disease states associated ageing. Consequently, biology is a vibrant area biomedical research. However, until relatively recently, most research on has been focused humans animal models. The basic pattern progressive little restoration somatic tissues, as found humans, might not apply all eukaryotes received attention. fact, any variation expected decline chromosomal rounds observed human was initially attributed methodological issues. Importantly, science studying now expanded encompass nonmodel organisms. Variation across range species promises reveal great insights into drivers life-history trade-offs evolution, population ecology consequences exposure environmental stress natural populations. burgeoning interest dynamics organisms increased communication between researchers evolutionary ecologists enriching our understanding diversity dynamics. While basics do indeed appear be conserved almost eukaryotes, studied still phylogenetically restricted, differences detail increasingly being revealed (Monaghan & Ozanne, 2018). We have information how change can vary among include lengthening well shortening life course (Brown et al., 2021; Remot 2021). Our these patterns relate factors, species, individual histories process increasing. potential used conservation biology, providing about health (e.g., Eastwood 2022). molecular greater impact new discoveries increase genomics, evolution underlying diversity. This Special Issue brings together collection papers illustrate breadth taxa investigated ways which emerging hypotheses, formed from perspectives ecology, conservation, tested. introduction, we highlight body work, including insights, points way questions remain emerging, cross-disciplinary biology. Many hypotheses put forward function, they whole organism outcomes. These their roots different disciplines biological levels, contradictory. study Tobler al. (2021) provides broad perspective literature date. They spell out likely provide framework clarify guide further questions. group terms issues addressed, mainly context ageing, quality health, history physiological processes, identifying assumptions inter-relationships. Exposure stressful environments long lasting effects longevity, linked changes addition furthering mechanism adverse effects, relation conditions offers measure scale extent at levels (Burraco 2022; Kärkkäinen 2022), evaluate examine effect measures, such habitat restoration. Issue, Brown report apparent both sexes survival small passerine bird, Seychelles warbler Acrocephalus sechellensis. sex-specific stressors influenced change. females, induced low food availability malarial infection shortening, but there were no males. Moreover, less stresses appeared lead Reichard also intraspecific outcome using African killifish. involves strains derived wild populations Nothobranchius furzeri its sister N. kadleci, sites along strong gradient aridity, ultimately determines maximum lifespan species. Interestingly, demonstrate condition environmentally-driven selection modulate relationship opposite directions, validating existence inverse trends within single taxon again highlighting importance effects. Altogether, association (see below for examples) dynamics, example age, sex history, require investigation. Such studies need use accurate repeatable within-individual measurements where possible bear mind take measurement error account (Steenstrup 2013). Intrinsic extrinsic exposures early known substantial long-lasting phenotypic development. Conditions experienced inside external environment growth influence shown Issue. European badgers Meles meles, van Lieshout cubs born warmer, wetter springs longer lengths, turn survival. purple-crowned fairy wrens (Malurus coronatus) rate first year predicted (Sheldon, Ton, More broadly, it hypothesized measuring anthropogenic (such chemical pollutants, noise inappropriate light) could assist monitoring wildlife. advantage over other biomarkers representing fitness proxy, allowing time much shorter than required actual consequences. line this, Salmón Burraco (2022) evaluated assessing impacts, an exhaustive review meta-analysis. Oxidative internal factors major cause attrition. Metcalfe Olsson compelling case endogenous reactive oxygen produced mitochondria create links mitochondrial integrity argue best understood when considering optimal solution trade-off energetic efficiency protection differ individuals time, depending resource availability, demands strategy. inferences may cumulatively help explain why evident (but apparently stressor, taxon, sometimes sex-specific). Clearly directions proposed contribute better mechanisms link environment, lifestyle At present, primarily endothermic vertebrates - birds mammals. Amongst mammals, one given longevity size, bats. Power overview what know so far, relates traits. discuss future genomic approaches important insights. studies, especially sampling longitudinal, nucleated red blood cells bird while white particularly humans. Thus, tissue specificity types itself underlie reported. should majority animals ectotherms endotherms having telomerase production tissues. aspects ectotherm development performance temperature are, therefore, potentially significantly affected climate disruption. Friesen suggest developing thermal curves processes affecting pressing more experimental work isolate causes environmentally Rouan present coral, Stylophora pistillata, bleaching, devastating symbionts results change, continuous darkness. resulted loss. As telling us something damaging findings inform methods coral reef health. field experiment young salmon Salmo salar, freshwater streams, McLennan lack suitable substrate living high density reduced length. streams nutrient experimentally restored, greatly reduced, demonstrating utility context. Further, presented Bae interactions pollutants. appears prevalent temperature-dependent determination, American alligator Alligator mississippiensis. Here, endocrine disrupting depended temperature; temperatures promoting female development, positive, higher, male temperature, negative. On hand, raising crickets temperatures, strongly growth, did affect Boonekamp (2021). Much depend severely stressor perceived question. somewhat context, exposure, nonexperimental Wood extensive longitudinal assessments rates investigate impacts dominance status cooperative breeder, white-browed sparrow-weaver Plocepasser mahali. social rainfall Looking mechanistic detail, Wolf provided novel insight system tree swallows Tachycineta bicolor, reporting lower expression regulatory gene POT1 breeders higher quality. reported chicks lengthening. Collectively, show resilience consider (including differences), local exposed, mean populations, interacting examining differential relevant genes ecological variables interest. mediating trade-offs. For example, traded off against advantages larger size energy expenditure? state. state-dependent relationships difficult length, loss, relative measure. Carrying elaborate sexual ornaments thought costly thereby maintaining honesty signal, few done test cost ornamentation telomeres. Kauzálová barn Hirundo rustica, tail streamers (a sexually selected ornament (Møller, 1988), suggests Ravindran bivariate analysis decompose correlations reproduction within- conclude that, Soay sheep Ovis aries, females had August years gave birth spring compared without gestation effort, indicative involving reproduction. same birth, mother's lambs survived August, lost earlier, suggesting complex state dependent Sepp conducted cross-fostering common gulls (Larus canus), tease apart pre- post-natal parental age offspring Neither natal- nor foster parents chicks. above interesting, additional needed, evaluating state-induced A good Atema who manipulated equipping tits Parus “backpack” adding 5% mass year. Surprisingly extra burden, despite duration large sample size. consistent evidence costs carrying (Atema 2021), lacking critical interpretation result. dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis, elevated testosterone reduces (Reed 2006), accelerated attrition Heidinger (2022). part issue. Trade-offs very life, resources allocated expense maintenance, reflected 2018; Vedder Growth manipulate directly through dietary manipulations, confounding systemic fully account. Pepke, Michael, examined nestling artificial (tarsus length) free-living house sparrows Passer domesticus. two island island, other. successful creating difference tarsus islands 10% final significant decrease approach hopefully others, existing experiments Though understand attaining sizes. general shorten those mentioned earlier always (meta-analysed 2021 issue). elongation hibernating mammals snakes (Olsson raises involved activity candidate. Smith challenges activity. note generally detected maintenance activity, explanations. When blood, haemopoietic stem bone marrow focal difficult. Noguera (2020) maternal glucocorticoids yellow-legged Larus michahellis corticosterone cortisol) transmission mothers. egg stimulate promote embryo mothers shape trajectories phenotypes. another study, Sheldon, Eastwood, tested methylation wild, zebra finches, discovering negatively correlated changes, epigenetics elucidating therefore considered task future. Ujarvi cancer topic considerable since historically cancer, downregulation postulated tumour bodies/long lived Telomerase activation identified mutations malignant cells. emphasize telomere-cancer constitute multifaceted process, because (too) short risk. Whether similar remains seen. Telomere predicts (Wilbourn 2018), question whether long-lived Among birds, does (Tricola least available estimates lifespan. contrast, Gomes (2011) Eisenberg revised extended data set confirmed relationship. explanation scope before critically induce senescence. explanation, positive neoplasia, abnormal develop malignancy. domesticated substantially mass. certain phenotypes, relaxation pressures domestic species; culled reaching end lives, diminishing favouring cancer. One remarkable described heritability (i.e., genetic contribution additively variance offspring, i.e., heritability, h2 = VA/VP). Reviews perhaps widest trait ranging near zero (probably error, cannot theoretically exceed one; makes reconcile expectations quantitative genetics theory, situation becoming aim adaptive agents selection. An alternative procedure assess “evolvability” proportional under unit strength selection, yielding mean-scaled additive (Houle, 1992). evolvability, correlation, possibly additive- components environmental-, epistatic- variance; Hansen 2011). discussed. It find generations field. Using comprehensive pedigree based long-term terns Sterna hirundo, coupled samples taken five years, large, heritable correlation main “other” limitations usefulness inference, epigenetic inheritance (Bauch (Dugdale Richardson, straightforward expectation theory eliminated, high, (Boonekamp ≈ 1) laboratory Gryllus campestris. environment-specific, degree predict responses ongoing jackdaws Corvus monedula, showed (0.74) whereas considerably (0.09; Bauch agrees per se references therein). evolvability estimate only 0.48% uncorrelated agreement (2011). thus power QG animals, Sparks warblers, exist wonderful demonstrates increasing perspective, value areas here several advances collectively corresponding addition, taxonomic conceptual benefit recent plants discovered RNA homologues plant kingdom structurally ciliates multicellular supporting hypothesis ancestor (Song 2019). growing significance ecologically traits flowering (Choi databases taxonomically diverse organisms, histories, sizes, regenerative capabilities limited. needed cycles, capacity variable lifespans. Additional enable testing strategies, To date, benefited systems. There gained collected trajectories. (QG), controlling shared (which inflates measure) achieved various releasing random locations care 2011), “type” necessary facilitated choice appropriate model systems applying techniques ecology. qPCR continues attractive high-throughput processing, limited interstitial 2021) (Matsubara 2015; Rovatsos 2015). repeats hardly Nussey 2014 discussion methodology). methodologies precise possible, enough through-put capture variation. Avoiding problems created selective disappearance phenotypes important. Some discussed reviews revealing repeatability (Kärkkäinen 2022) recently developed method, absolute-length rapid (STAR) assay high-throughput, digital real-time PCR rapidly absolute lengths quantities molecules (Luo 2020; Dweck Maitra, although precision evaluated. yield throughput traditional restriction fragment (TRF) (Nussey 2014) current methods. architecture combination next generation sequencing, bioinformatic computerized estimation facilitate examination nonterminal position (Edwards, Nersisyan Arakelyan, Finally, exciting pertaining answered. biologists ecologists, ‘stuff life’ variation, role challenge! flexible constrains suite fitness, ask matters most, length? Both predictive stage measured; seems unlikely curtail old pools depleted themselves age-related deterioration. That said, give handle resilience. stabilises period predictor subsequent (Benetos 2013; Daniali 2012). Will indeterminate growth? Currently, simply answer area. identify risk disruption resilient exposure? Given basis project distribution response (Wuitchik inclusion refine projections enormous integration continue transform intrinsic highlights deeper appreciation properties Data sharing applicable article analyzed study.
Language: Английский
