Hexyl Gallate Loaded Microgels Enable Efficient Protection Against Citrus Canker

Advanced Functional Materials, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 34(8)

Published: Nov. 8, 2023

Abstract The development of efficient and environmentally friendly plant protection systems is one the major challenges for a sustainable agriculture future. Citrus canker caused by pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. ( X . ) affects all cultivated citrus species worldwide responsible enormous economic losses restrictions in international trade. Currently used commercial copper‐based formulations are origin contamination soil groundwater, affecting local ecosystems human health. A copper‐free microgel‐based system able to efficiently combat X. developed. Microgels decorated with anchor peptides exhibit strong non‐covalent attachment surface orange leaves have ability release hexyl gallate, which inhibits growth spreading pathogens. tailored design microgel network allows high loadings gallate (up 40 wt.%) controlled gallates from microgels that provide long‐term protection. antibacterial activity gallate‐loaded demonstrated various vitro assays as well on plants greenhouse settings. experimental results suggest developed trees abatement reduces environmental pollution copper formulations.

Language: Английский

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Dynamics of the rice yellow mottle disease in western Burkina Faso: Epidemic monitoring, spatio-temporal variation of viral diversity, and pathogenicity in a disease hotspot

Virus Evolution, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 9(2)

Published: July 1, 2023

The rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) is a model in plant molecular epidemiology, with the reconstruction of historical introduction routes at scale African continent. However, information on patterns viral prevalence and diversity over multiple years local remains scarce, spite potential implications for crop protection. Here, we describe 5-year (2015-9) monitoring RYMV six sites from western Burkina Faso (geographic areas Bama, Banzon, Karfiguela). It confirmed one irrigated site as disease hotspot also found rainfed lowland (RL) occasional high levels. Within studied fields, pattern aggregation was evidenced 5-m distance, expected mechanically transmitted virus. Next, monitored genetic site, revealing diversity, current coexistence various distinct groups (ca. 520 ha) within specific fields (25 m side). One lineage, named S1bzn, most recently emerged group increased frequency period (from 20 per cent or less 2015-6 to more than 65 2019). Its genome results recombination between two other lineages (S1wa S1ca). Finally, experimental work revealed that three varieties commonly cultivated were not different terms resistance level, no significant effect symptom expression load. We found, however, infection outcome depended isolate, isolates lineage S1bzn accumulating highest level early infections. Overall, this study documents case prevalence, co-occurrence divergent small geographic scale. A which comprises inducing severe symptoms accumulation under controlled conditions, could be rising through natural selection. Following up required confirm trend further understand factors driving maintenance diversity.

Language: Английский

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Neutral genetic structuring of pathogen populations during rapid adaptation

Journal of Heredity, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 116(1), P. 62 - 77

Published: Aug. 8, 2024

Abstract Pathogen species are experiencing strong joint demographic and selective events, especially when they adapt to a new host, for example through overcoming plant resistance. Stochasticity in the founding event associated variations hinder our understanding of expected evolutionary trajectories genetic structure emerging at both neutral selected loci. What would be typical signatures such rapid adaptation is not elucidated. Here, we build demogenetic model monitor pathogen population dynamics evolution on two host compartments (susceptible resistant). We design fit life cycles, “with” “without” alternation. Our aim draw typology eco-evolutionary dynamics. Using time-series clustering, identify three main scenarios: 1) small size changes structure, 2) founder resistant that turn leads emergence susceptible 3) rescue results preceded by bottleneck host. pinpoint differences between cycles with notably more Beyond itself, trajectory imposes specific population. Most these transient, signature resistance vanishes within few years only. Considering therefore utmost importance accurately decipher evolution.

Language: Английский

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New insights into mycotoxin risk management through fungal population genetics and genomics

Critical Reviews in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 22

Published: Aug. 26, 2024

Mycotoxin contamination of food and feed is a major global concern. Chronic or acute dietary exposure to contaminated can negatively affect both human animal health. Contamination occurs through plant infection by toxigenic fungi, primarily Aspergillus Fusarium spp., either before after harvest. Despite the application various management strategies, controlling these pathogens remains challenge because their ability adapt environmental changes selection pressures. Understanding genetic structure pathogen populations pivotal for gaining new insights into biology epidemiology, as well understanding mechanisms behind adaptability. Such deeper crucial developing effective preemptive strategies tailored evolving nature pathogenic populations. This review focuses on population-level variations within two most economically significant fungal genera according space, host, pathogenicity. Outcomes in terms migration patterns, gene flow populations, mating abilities, potential host jumps are examined. We also discuss yet often underutilized applications population genetics genomics address practical challenges epidemiology disease control fungi.

Language: Английский

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Approximate Bayesian Computation applied to time series of population genetic data disentangles rapid genetic changes and demographic variations in a pathogen population

Molecular Ecology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 33(10)

Published: May 7, 2023

Adaptation can occur at remarkably short timescales in natural populations, leading to drastic changes phenotypes and genotype frequencies over a few generations only. The inference of demographic parameters allow understanding how evolutionary forces interact shape the genetic trajectories populations during rapid adaptation. Here we propose new Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) framework that couples forward individual-based model with temporal data disentangle variations case We test accuracy our inferential evaluate benefit considering dense versus sparse sampling. Theoretical investigations demonstrate high both parameter estimations, even if strong thinning is applied time series data. Then, apply ABC empirical describing population poplar rust pathogen following major event resistance overcoming. successfully estimate key parameters, including proportion resistant hosts deployed landscape level standing variation from which selection occurred. Inferred values are accordance knowledge this biological system. This framework, contrasts coalescent-based analyses, promising for better subjected

Language: Английский

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Editorial 2024

Molecular Ecology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 33(1)

Published: Dec. 25, 2023

Molecular Ecology (MEC) continues to be one of the largest and most influential journals in fields ecology evolution. In 2022, a total 434 citable items were published journal, ranking third out 53 Clarivate's list Evolutionary Biology sixth 171 journals. A similar pattern is seen for citations, where MEC was cited 40,823 times (third fourth Ecology). Additional metrics include journal impact factor (4.9; eighth Biology) EigenFactor (0.030, fifth Biology). The latter metric measures number articles from past five years have been focal year. Google Scholar's h5-index, which h-index over years, offers longer term measure influence. has an h5-index 72, ranks among Lastly, downloads demonstrate wide interest research MEC, reaching close 1.9 million 2021 2022. first evolution require that data supporting results papers archived appropriate public archive (Rieseberg et al., 2010). Over we expanded policy code, programming scripts, software, as well detailed metadata. Earlier this year, members Resources (MER) Editorial Board (along with editors other journals) contributed article Evolution established minimum standards code (Jenkins 2023). While recommendations largely reinforce what are already doing, provides description best practices archiving data, metadata, such analyses given study can fully replicated. We will linking recommendation our author guidelines. also transitioning requiring made available reviewers during peer review. 2020, editorial indicate support Nagoya Protocol principle benefit sharing, educate authors readers about their responsibilities under (Marden 2020). encourages disclose benefits generated by Protocol. This followed encouraged use Biocultural, Traditional Knowledge, Cultural Institution Notices (Liggins 2021). Such intended raise visibility Indigenous communities within systems, encourage collaboration communities, provide platform them develop methodologies permissions biodiversity-related on indigenous land. To continue momentum, 'Indigenous perspectives/methodologies' added area aims scope, perspectives' 'traditional ecological knowledge' keywords MEC/MER websites. Authors now select perspectives methodologies' manuscript subject when submitting article, submitted using new assigned who expertise experience space. Like publishers, Wiley developed policies artificial intelligence (AI) tools ChatGPT large language models (https://authorservices.wiley.com/ethics-guidelines/index.html). Because AIs lack legal standing cannot held accountable or design, does not permit listed articles. However, if AI used development, requires contributions described Methods Acknowledgements. Final decisions whether usage permissible board. case Board, believe represents potentially valuable editing tool improve readability manuscripts, reducing barriers publication researchers, especially those speak English second language. improving spelling, grammar, clarity, ask acknowledge development required policy. 2023, maintained robust social media presence, building upon success previous years. molecology X account (formerly Twitter) boasted following 7400 followers, average more than 49 tweets posted per month. Monthly impressions reached 28,500, slightly less likely due changes landscape year concerns academics these changes. enhance outreach, collaborated team (WileyEcolEvol) strategically broaden audience. monitor community trends explore possibilities better serve molecular community, providing crucial direct source information scientific work MER. conjunction X, continued commitment in-house through Spotlight blog 2023. With 142 posts since 2019, featured interviews highlighted papers, amassing 23,000 visitors 37,000 views. adopted way interviewing tailored questions dynamism promote deeper engagement authors. should help lay broader understand conducted ecologists its implications. It fundamental mission MER hands-on training duties outstanding early career researchers. PhD postdoctoral recognized Harry Smith prize, invited join Junior (JEB). ensure JEB useful experiences members, process implementing three-year stepped programme designed offer exposure range tasks. Our together execute running platforms (Twitter Blog) creating content increasing journal's visibility. addition, second-year gain manuscripts guidance mentor. final tenure, attracting research, organizing special issues review Together, enthusiasm, forms invaluable asset Prize awarded annually 'an scientist significant ecology', selected independent award committee. Dr. Uma Ramakrishnan, Professor at National Centre Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India. Ramakrishnan known her studies tiger mammals, 'poster children' India's natural resources. Her included census estimates combined camera traps genetic surveys, historical inferences museum specimens, demonstrations gene flow impacting genomic variation inbreeding depression. Ramakrishnan's led conservation applications, example evidence Supreme Court ruling wildlife corridors must certain highway expansions. science communication service exemplary, she important role model scientists around world. recognizes paper graduate students scholars no 5 fellowship experience. prize named after FRS, founded served both Chief Managing Editor critical He until 2008, went his early-career scholars. 2023 Antonino Malacrinò 'Host species identity shapes diversity structure insect microbiota' (Malacrinò, 2022). His work, 'Invited Reviews Syntheses' presents leveraging powerful open insights into field microbiome research. committee, up excellent Alexander Blumenfeld colleagues titled, 'Consistent signatures urban adaptation native, invader ant Tapinoma sessile paper', runner-up Prize. al. (2022) genetic, behavioural, chemical populations sessile. They documented multiple transitions organization response urbanization, restricted between populations, adding growing human-altered habitats profoundly influence species. saw loss two distinguished longest-serving editors, Robert (Bob) Wayne Louis Bernatchez. Both joined 1997 became senior 1999. Bob helped Aims Scope authored sentence, 'Molecular publishes utilize techniques address consequential ecology, evolution, behaviour, conservation', primary guide decisions. When passed away December he editor (26 years!). addition regular 15 (2004–2018), recruiting dozen reviews topics covered full disciplinary microbes plants animals population genetics interactions environmental genomics. (119!) any author. recognition many 2016 lieu society ecologists, intellectual home community. includes (see above), focuses Resources, News Views perspectives, issues, reviews, opinion so forth. Ecologist (http://www.molecularecologist.com/), covers news reported venues beyond Ecology, eye interests people necessarily experts field. Please let us know you would like contribute perspective, review, opinion, organize issue. annual highlight advances (below). Every impactful chosen board perspectives. Among these, few standout From Cover pieces. nine pieces showcase how applications analytical advanced understanding novel across organizational scales, time. Three Gaertner (2023), Shi Bucholz examine adaptation, flow, speciation biological scales—from cellular levels. Understanding evolutionary forces shape architecture underpinning adaptive elucidating evolve changing environments. concept, (2023) analyse genome-wide broadcast-spawning nest-spawning riverine fish species, expected differ levels flow. find that, general, higher associated tighter clustering alleles, protects recombination. perspective piece, Schaal explain 'provides empirical foundational theoretical simulation studies' helps reveal complex nature evolves different organisms. How level? question investigating differentiation 'housekeeping functions' closely related hares. fibroblasts obtained wild hares regulation differences mountain brown hares, interfertile but ecologically distinct. show expression patterns hare affect processes including cell growth, respiration, metabolism, clear impacts cellular-level functions. Moreover, Palsson Steele note accompanying 'This suggests immortalized utility divergence metabolic traits basis organismal physiology'. Several hypotheses proposed relationships abundance diversity. test three hypotheses, conducting extensive surveys sequencing freshwater mussel southeastern USA. more-individuals hypothesis, posits areas exhibit greater richness, relationship abundance. they do positive correlations within-species Petersen Wares conclude 'their among-species variability … pushing forward frontier community-wide assessment applications'. biology long captivated dynamics coevolutionary relationships, Epstein Hague Leclaire nuanced comprehensive processes. well-studied legume-rhizobia symbiosis, GWAS approaches evaluate selection plant microbial genomes. suggested symbiotic may involve fitness conflicts partners characterized balancing symbiosis genes, little hypothesis. Instead, show, legume rhizobial partners, involved primarily stabilizing selection. As Carlson Frederickson write indicates 'that there ongoing conflict legumes rhizobia host symbiont genomes'. Antagonistic lead coevolution, often arms race organisms involved. cases coevolution cascading effects trophic fascinating system toxic Pacific newts predators, garter snakes, geographic mosaic escalation, increase newt toxicity matched increased toxin resistance retention snakes. Using combination experimental observational identify clines snakes hotspots bright coloration, serving aposematic signal own predators. Thompson notes paired 'the ripple throughout networks interacting species'. Whether host-microbiome classified remains topic some debate. Nevertheless, recent revealing far-reaching microbiome, extend health reproductive outcomes. microbiome's black-legged kittiwake, seabird specific compositions portions female bird's body (neck flank feathers, choanae, outer bill, cloaca) success, same result male birds. Turjeman correlative fitness—a deserves additional study. Research documenting Anthropocene shaping biodiversity increasingly focusing implications future affected ecosystems inhabit. Beichman Crossley Kocher approach vastly systems angles, demonstrating anthropogenic activity context-specific. declines California sea otter nearly hunted extinction 18th–19th centuries. Kreiner Booker 'combine spatiotemporal set simulations only quantify demographic change exploitation, consequences collapse persistence'. decline forward-in-time modelling could negative recovery populations. buffered historically low effective prior fur trade. human activities, trade, had obvious diversity, others apparent. ways land change, specifically agriculture, aquatic Utilizing existing 700 croplands degraded sharpest observed 1950s. contrast, rebounds converted uses, even urbanization. Atmore Buss highlights power publicly answer regarding current biospheric emergency'. Theories disease prevalence importance Anthropocene, difficult because life histories pathogens. 'dilution effect' theory, wherein pathogens controlled presence inefficient vectors ecosystem. combine DNA metabarcoding innovative tropical parasite Leishmania, mammalian reservoirs, sand fly vectors. decrease infection flies mammal high, dilution effect, density sandflies, leading overall effect infected vectors, which, Levi Massey point indicator Leishmania transmission risk'. Opinion present ideas viewpoints relevant ecology. These opinions speculative controversial discussion debate discipline. six Pegg describe efforts forecast risk cross-species transmission, received attention COVID-19 pandemic. make sugars, glycans, coat surface macromolecules accuracy assessment. another broadly paper, Čapková Frydrychová argues key assumptions telomere aging hold considered taxa, discrepancies resolved context strategies. Two focused utilized reversal days phylogeography genomics, report nuclear genome only. noted Blair unfortunate oversight organellar identification, addressing dispersal mechanisms limits. Blanchet put framework—based phylogenetically conserved candidate genes functional traits—for eco-evolutionary scales. longstanding questions. One maintenance history loci Arnqvist Rowe hypothesize frequency-dependent responsible polymorphism major epistatic piece tackles confusion inconsistent terms parallel convergent Cerca relation ancestral condition, taking place condition arising conditions. being done emerging entitled 'Ecological Inferences Long-Read Sequencing'. Dan Bock, Jianquan Liu, Polina Novikova, Loren Rieseberg editorial, compilation 19 'highlights utilizing long-read roles repetitive otherwise loci' (Bock issue diverse plants, animals, bacteria, viruses, share common themes: profiling epigenetic modifications (Nielsen 2023), novelty (Burley 2023; Ferguson Peona Wierzbicki genomics (Li, Yang, Yan (Cohen Hotaling Li, Wang, Nacif Shipilina Xie Zhu hybridization (Mérot Wersebe Zhang (Handy van Steenbrugge works variation, while traditionally study, substantial contribution speciation' Special Issue, Human-Associated Microbes, edited Tatiana Giraud, Jeanne Ropars, Eva Stukenbrock, Katherine Ryan Amato, Ricardo Rodriguez de la Vega. 21 focus various types domesticates, pathogens, host-associated microbiota, metagenomics, laboratory experiments. whole, main subjects: domesticated microorganisms thriving environments (Harrouard Silva von Gastrow fungal (Ali Louet Rogério Saubin Stalder Wang Zewdie metagenomics microbiomes (Bischofberger & Hall, Corsi Mac Alpine Moeller, Pedro Peimbert Alcaraz, Tessandier Yuan crops (Gao Richard Collectively Issue 'underline huge environment emergence spread provided mutualistic fungi bacteria' (Giraud Finally, Insights Ecological Processes via Community Metabarcoding 'papers high-throughput (HTS) classic particularly (amplicon) datasets complementary -omics and/or models/theory infer ecosystem processes' (Gillespie impressive collection 44 topics: assembly (Andujar 2022; Arjona Emerson Govender Guerrieri Ip, Chang, Oh, Kiemel Li Macheriotou Menéndez-Serra Nappi Noguerales Overcast Pino Van der Loos 2022), interaction (Ando Bell Dürrbaum Encinas-Viso Ficetola Taberlet, Graham Tun, Lowe Lu Lue Pitteloud Srivathsan Tommasi cross-scale (Brinker Câmara dos Reis Hu Kivistik Manthey Merges Michel Molina Navine Pereira Perez-Lamarque Morlon, Rolshausen invasive species/homogenization (Andrés Hampel Kennedy Rosemary Gillespie, Holly Bik, Michael Hickerson, Henrik Krehenwinkel, Isaac Overcast, Andrew Rominger writes taken together, gained approaches, dynamics' hope discussion, exceptional journal. wish thank readers, authors, reviewers, your support, welcome suggestions individuals reviewing contains reviewed 1 October 2022 30 September Aanen, Duur Abad-Recio, Ion Abbott, Jessica Abreu, Clare Adams, Nicole Rachelle Affenzeller, Matthias Afiq-Rosli, Lutfi Aguilar, Andres Aguillon, Stepfanie Aguirre, Windsor Ahi, Ehsan Pashay Ahrens, Collin Aivelo, Tuomas Akita, Tetsuya Albach, Dirk Alberoni, Daniele Aldred, Nick Allen, Natalie Allio, Rémi Almer, Jasmin Alonso, Conchita Alverson, Amos, William Amsler, Charles An, Shiheng Anastasiad

Language: Английский

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Airborne versus soilborne inoculum: White mould, where do you come from?

Plant Pathology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 72(4), P. 677 - 685

Published: Jan. 12, 2023

Abstract Identifying the sources of fungal inoculum that induces epidemics is instrumental to managing crop health in a more efficient way by implementing prophylactic methods and using better targeted biocontrol fungicide applications. For some phytopathogenic fungi, this identification hampered multiplicity types. This case for Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , agent white mould, which can produce ascospores disseminated via atmosphere, sclerotia stored soil mycelium plant debris large variety hosts. The present study aims assess relative importance airborne soilborne inocula mould disease development its persistence across two seasons. S. isolates were collected from air, carrot plants during seasons south‐western France genotyped with 16 microsatellite markers. Among 490 isolates, 162 clonal lineages identified. genetic characteristics did not differ significantly among carrots. on carrots initiated either or inoculum. It also appears persisted year year.

Language: Английский

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Evolutionary ecology of human‐associated microbes

Molecular Ecology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 32(10), P. 2369 - 2373

Published: April 28, 2023

Determining the evolutionary mechanisms, genomic outcomes and functional consequences of adaptation is paramount importance for our understanding nature evolution, predicting responses organisms in face current future global changes. Microorganisms which are associated with humans (as members human microbiome, or domesticated plants animals) provide ideal models to study specialisation. These microbes diverse many possess outstanding experimental assets, such as small genomes membership relatively simple multi-species communities (Gladieux et al., 2014; Rosshart 2019; Seybold 2020). In addition, studying microbial evolution human-associated environments effective because population genetic processes (i.e. drift selection) often strong recent Ropars & Giraud, 2022). Furthermore, have important impacts on health microbiomes, pathogens associates food production crop microorganisms (Caron 2021; Chow 2020; Davenport 2017; Fisher Wolfe 2014). This special issue covers a broad range topics related ecology microbes, methods ranging from genetics metagenomics genomics, well complementary field lab studies (in vitro vivo). The include (fungi bacteria), thriving anthropic environments, host-associated microbiota, animal pathogens. Together these articles underline huge impact anthropogenic environment including emergence spread benefits provided by mutualistic fungi bacteria. yeast Brettanomyces bruxellensis has adapted different example, wine, beer, bioethanol kombucha. While it can be desired used starter adding spicy phenolic note some beer types, also considered spoiler, causes unpleasant aromas wine (e.g. barnyard, horse swear burnt plastic-like aromas) reduction ethanol yield production. their review, Harrouard al. (2023) describe phenotypic diversity this yeast, highlighting role polyploidisation hybridisation one driving mechanisms B. various niches. Some populations may even domesticated, strains acquired ability metabolise maltose produce pleasant aromas. Conversely, other notorious spoilers, those producing wine. human-made beverage, having tolerance resistance against sulphite added control endemic non-Saccharomyces yeasts, bruxellensis. Other yeasts been genuinely that is, evolved specific traits under selection making better foods drinks. Genetic differentiation driven geography ecological niche, found bruxellensis, S. cerevisiae Torulaspora delbrueckii (Silva 2023). latter winemaking, bread, dairy products natural soil plants. analyses Silva revealed acquisition cluster GAL genes, galactose metabolism, only strains, expansion diversification MAL genes metabolism bread dough strains. likely represents footprint domestication. Fermented most formed (including bacteria, sometimes moulds), not inoculated microorganisms. Identifying origins challenging. von Gastrow studied sourdough, naturally fermented mixture flour water bread. They combination experiments, metabarcoding participatory research approaches understand origin sourdough. core microbiota detected seeds were mainly composed known absent sourdoughs. no sourdough species grains flours, leaving unresolved. Invasions fungal plant represent significant threat Population genome sequencing Colletotrichum truncatum, an invasive pathogen soybean Brazil, three distinct lineages hybridise each (Rogério 2023); introgressions involved particular secreted protein-encoding therefore host infection Gene flow indeed foster rapid adaptation. copy-number variation another type feature within between populations. Using comparative genomics wide association, Stalder copy number variants Rhynchosporium commune, major barley, enriched exploitation fungicide resistance. authors further showed gene was segmental duplication near recently active transposable elements, thus growing evidence mobile elements being players generating adaptive potential. To fight pathogens, Saubin argue we should bridge gaps separated fields, breeding, molecular interactions epidemiology evolution. could achieved using theoretical framework would integrated view adaptation, allowing optimally manage genetically resistant cultivars. Growing varieties carrying (R) large scales landscapes induces populations, leading new virulence abilities. occurred poplar rust fungus Melampsora larici-populina breakdown RMlp7 gene. An unprecedented monitoring across 28 years at candidate avirulence AvrMlp7 two avirulent alleles, corresponding nonsynonymous mutation complete deletion locus, before event (Louet case standing variation. predicts diseases less frequent hosts higher levels diversity. Genotyping-by-sequencing Arabica coffee sites southwestern Ethiopia trees managed incidence four composition stands (Zewdie within-site berry disease, but mean any Wang explored pathogenic infecting wheat heads, belonging genus Fusarium. characterised Fusarium heads geographical regions China simultaneously recorded mycotoxins produced fungi. Mycotoxins secondary metabolites reduce grain quality. demonstrates high moreover shows how relevance accumulation mycotoxins. Interestingly, negatively correlated mycotoxin accumulation, elegantly demonstrated experiment where single spore suspensions onto heads. points microbe-microbe shaping disease development metabolite production, observation great context treatment protection. Traditional agrosystems outbreaks rare help identify sustainable agricultural practices. Genomic paired samples rice landraces blast (Pyricularia oryzae) traditional Yuanyang terraces flooded paddies generalist life history (Ali practices favoured strategies pathogen, overall reduces burden disease. Together, crops demonstrate exceptional speed whereby disperse adapt. Rapid fuelled uniform monoculture fields. Eco-evolutionary dynamics strongly impacted activities. operate multiple scales. On scale, activities cause spatial environments. As result, themselves exposed space time, animals habitats close settlements Yuan Pedro examine patterns environmental affect microbiome. show roe deer lead diets. diets gut appear suited process Similarly, oral microbiome Papua New Guinea. linked diet/ecology, ancestry, and/or lifestyle. Microbial animals. MacAlpine review literature focused bacteria colonise humans. Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus responsible systemic infections niches body they interact bacterial communities. Several identified fungal–bacterial during colonisation skin, lungs intestinal tract. still poorly understood, however, into holds potential discovery antimicrobial antifungal compounds. smaller clear daily Multiple testing host–microbe community assembly while integrating information about behaviours impact. Moeller examines approach finds antibiotics drive balancing microbiota. maintains allelic implicated drug apparent industrialised Tessandier test effect types menstruation protection vaginal Although do find patterns, clustering suggests changes Peimbert Alcaraz consider commuter behaviour, reviewing existing subway link data describing built skin emphasise need more (sit/hold/etc., cleaning routine subways, etc.) highlight alive determine implications. Finally, Bischofberger Hall economic behaviour banknotes money exchange. niche-based local habitat influence Swiss than dispersal-based like geographic distance. Given affected shopping everyday contact provides interesting perspective considering eco-evolutionary Corsi address focusing zoonotic parasite Cryptosporidium parvum. belongs phylum Apicomplexa includes Malaria Plasmodium falciparum. study, analyse C. parvum obtained ruminants collected Europe, Egypt China. recombination suggest host-boundaries source Covid-19 pandemic exemplifies Inasmuch shed light general processes, wild sets reference needs evaluated. Sinorhizobium meliloti (a.k.a. Ensifer meliloti) nitrogen-fixing closely symbionts legume soybean, alfalfa peanut. Studying structure chromosomes sampled South Western Riley between-site structures, all discordant (Medicago truncatula). Authors rates least order magnitude greater chromosome. Strong lack thereof similar symbionts, hampering Whether remains established. Richard transfer among taxa. plasmid-encoding family Lysobacteraceae opportunistic Plasmids carry conferring functions pathogenicity interactions. highly dynamic readily exchanged boundaries. lifestyles constitute barriers although transfers occur very distantly highlights mechanism facilitate fast establishment Mycorrhizal group mutualists. Arbuscular mycorrhizal form symbiosis roots nutrients, primarily phosphorus. Understanding stability soils predict change will beneficial symbioses roots. Gao investigated drought stress large-scale sorghum. Hereby profiled succession sorghum specifically predicted, response stress, however does correspond replacement competitive non-competitive (ruderal). Rather correlates altered expression play regulating mycorrhiza symbiosis. extent optimal symbiotic partners yet determined. However, underlines necessity abiotic stresses function plant-associated microbes. Over thousands years, enormously changed ecosystems planet. Advances techniques tools characterise level individual Studies husbandry agriculture architecture systems favours dispersal promotes jumps application antimicrobials antifungals have, past decades, solution combat medical contexts. usage compounds downsides; first target non-pathogenic thereby alter native microbiomes. Moreover, continuous selects loss compound efficacy. Resistance mutations rapidly advantageous, boundaries horizontal transfer. presents critical applications intended promote

Language: Английский

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A review of population genetics and the prospects for crop improvement

Academia Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 1(3)

Published: Sept. 28, 2023

This study discusses the importance of population genetics in context crop improvement and its role addressing challenges related to food security.Population is crucial identifying desirable traits genetic markers, developing breeding strategies improving efficacy programs.The Food Agriculture Organization United Nations emphasizes global security highlights yields, new varieties, increasing resilience crops environmental stressors.By using improve disease resistance, other traits, breeders can help ensure a sustainable secure supply for future generations.

Language: Английский

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Historical museum samples reveal signals of selection and drift in response to changing insecticide use in an agricultural pest moth

Journal of Evolutionary Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 37(8), P. 967 - 977

Published: June 2, 2024

In response to environmental and human-imposed selective pressures, agroecosystem pests frequently undergo rapid evolution, with some species having a remarkable capacity rapidly develop pesticide resistance. Temporal sampling of genomic data can comprehensively capture such adaptive changes over time, for example, by elucidating allele frequency shifts in resistance loci different pesticides. Here, we leveraged museum specimens spanning century collections generate temporal contrasts between pre- post-insecticide populations an agricultural pest moth, Helicoverpa armigera. We used targeted exon sequencing 254 samples collected across Australia from the pre-1950s (prior insecticide introduction) 1990s, encompassing decades changing use. Our approach focused on genes that are known be involved resistance, sensation, stress tolerance. found overall lack spatial population structure change Australia. (e.g., 1960s 1970s), moderate reduction genetic diversity, implying stochasticity evolutionary trajectories due drift. genome scans showed extensive evidence selection following use, although majority selected variants were low impact. Finally, alternating suggestive potential antagonistic pleiotropy. results provide new insights into recent responses show how using improve mechanistic understanding evolution.

Language: Английский

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