Climate Change and Human Health in Africa in Relation to Opportunities to Strengthen Mitigating Potential and Adaptive Capacity: Strategies to Inform an African “Brains Trust”

Annals of Global Health, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 90(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Background: Africa faces diverse and complex population/human health challenges due to climate change.Understanding the impacts of change in all its complexity is essential for implementing effective strategies policies mitigate risks protect vulnerable populations.This study aimed outline major change-related context economic resilience seek solutions provide prevent or reduce adverse effects on human well-being Africa.Methods: For this narrative review, a literature search was conducted Web Science, Scopus, CAB Abstracts, MEDLINE EMBASE electronic databases.We also searched reference lists retrieved articles additional records as well reports.We followed conceptual framework ensure aspects were identified. Results:The average temperatures six eco-regions have risen since early twentieth century, heat exposure, extreme events, sea level rise are projected disproportionately affect Africa, resulting larger burden than other continents.Given that already poses substantial African well-being, will necessitate significant effort, financial investment, dedication mitigation adaptation.This review offers leaders decision-makers data-driven action-oriented more resilient healthcare system safe, healthy populations-in ways contribute resiliency. Conclusions:The urgency climate-health action integrated with sustainable development cannot be overstated, given multiple gains from reducing current continent's population 2

Language: Английский

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HIV and fungal priority pathogens

The Lancet HIV, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 10(11), P. e750 - e754

Published: Oct. 9, 2023

Language: Английский

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Diversity and Distribution of Fungal Infections in Rwanda: High Risk and Gaps in Knowledge, Policy, and Interventions

Journal of Fungi, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 10(9), P. 658 - 658

Published: Sept. 18, 2024

Fungal infections (FIs) are spreading globally, raising a significant public health concern. However, its documentation remains sparse in Africa, particularly Rwanda. This report provides comprehensive review of FIs Rwanda based on systematic reports published between 1972 and 2022. The findings reveal rich diversity fungal pathogens, including

Language: Английский

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Emerging and re‐emerging fungal threats in Africa

Parasite Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 45(2)

Published: Sept. 30, 2022

The emergence of deadly fungal infections in Africa is primarily driven by a disproportionately high burden human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, lack access to quality health care, and the unavailability effective antifungal drugs. Immunocompromised people are therefore at risk infection from opportunistic pathogens such as Cryptococcus neoformans Pneumocystis jirovecii, which associated with morbidity, mortality, related socioeconomic impacts. Other emerging threats include Emergomyces spp., Histoplasma Blastomyces healthcare-associated multi-drug resistant Candida auris. Socioeconomic development Covid-19 pandemic may influence shifts epidemiology invasive diseases on continent. This review discusses epidemiology, clinical manifestations, current management strategies available for these Africa. We also discuss gaps knowledge, policy, research inform future efforts managing threats.

Language: Английский

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Fungal Infections, Treatment and Antifungal Resistance: The Sub-Saharan African Context

Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Fungal pathogens cause a wide range of infections in humans, from superficial to disfiguring, allergic syndromes, and life-threatening invasive infections, affecting over billion individuals globally. With an estimated 1.5 million deaths annually attributable them, fungal are major mortality especially people with underlying immunosuppression. The continuous increase the population at risk sub-Saharan Africa, such as HIV patients, tuberculosis intensive care patients haematological malignancies, transplant (haematopoietic stem cell organ) recipients growing global threat multidrug-resistant strains, raise need for appreciation region’s perspective on antifungal usage resistance. In addition, unavailability recently introduced novel drugs Africa further calls regular evaluation resistance agents these settings. This is critical ensuring appropriate optimal use limited available arsenal minimise review, therefore, elaborates multifaceted nature market provides insights into prevalence Africa.

Language: Английский

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Fluconazole‐resistant Candida parapsilosis complex candidemia and analysis of mutations in the ERG11 gene from Pakistan

Mycoses, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 67(1)

Published: Nov. 21, 2023

Abstract Background Recent reports of the emergence fluconazole resistance in Candida parapsilosis species complex poses a challenge, more specifically settings where echinocandin‐based treatment regime is not feasible. Objective This study reported C. strains isolated from blood cultures. Materials and Methods retrospective observational was conducted 2018 to 2020 at tertiary care laboratory Pakistan. Fluconazole‐resistant fungemia cases were identified database clinical details collected. Identification done using API 20C AUX Cornmeal Tween80 agar morphology. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) determined Sensititre YeastONE interpretation with CLSI M60 ED1:2017. ERG11 gene region amplified sequenced by Sanger sequencing analysed MEGA 11 Software. Results A total 13 (8.5%) fluconazole‐resistant isolates 152 candidemia cases. Fluconazole MICs resistant ranged between 8 256 μg/mL. Analysis revealed nonsynonymous mutations position Y132F 86% isolates. Diabetes hospitalization important risk factors for complex. Conclusion first report molecular mechanisms mutation most common strains. These findings are concerning necessitate better diagnostics, newer antifungals, ongoing surveillance further insights on country.

Language: Английский

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Fungal Infections: A silent health crisis in Africa

African Journal of Health Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 36(4), P. 482 - 483

Published: Jan. 26, 2024

No Abstract

Language: Английский

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Pulmonary dimorphic fungal infections among HIV/AIDS non‐TB patients with chronic cough in Kampala, Uganda

Mycoses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 67(4)

Published: April 1, 2024

Abstract Introduction Dimorphic fungi cause infection following the inhalation of spores into pulmonary system. In lower respiratory tract, conidia transform yeasts, which are engulfed by alveolar macrophages and may be destroyed without disease manifestation. However, in some immunocompromised individuals, they persist active fungal characterized formation granulomas infected tissues, mimic Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Objective To determine prevalence dimorphic infections among HIV/AIDS patients with non‐TB chronic cough at Mulago National Referral Teaching Hospital Kampala, Uganda. Methods Sputum samples were collected from 175 consented attending immuno‐suppression syndrome (ISS) clinic hospital. Upon Xpert MTB/RIF sputum testing, 21 tested positive for MTB, these excluded further analysis. The other 154 negative then subjected to PCR MBN Clinical Laboratories. Singleplex was used detect target sequences selected respective genes each species interest. DNA amplicons detected based on gel electrophoresis. Results 16.2% (25/154) studied population. Of 9.1% (14/154) had Blastomyces dermatitidis 7.1% (11/154) Talaromyces marneffei . remaining 84% participants no fungi. Histoplasma capsulatum , Coccidioides immitis Paracoccidioides brasiliensis not any participants. Conclusion ( B. T. ) found We recommend routine testing pathogens cough.

Language: Английский

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Burden of Fungal Coinfections with HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: Prevalence and Implications

IntechOpen eBooks, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Aug. 2, 2024

The HIV pandemic significantly contributes to the outbreak of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) in sub-Saharan Africa. However, despite increasing number patients, IFIs receive limited attention. Therefore, aim this review is summarize prevalence coinfections among patients Extensive literature searches were conducted on major databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Data extracted from studies 19 African countries. findings reveal a substantial annual burden individuals with Africa, totaling 2,210,933 cases per year. highest burdens are observed oropharyngeal candidiasis esophageal candidiasis, reported case numbers 1,109,976 711,590 year, respectively. Additionally, pneumocystosis accounted for 221,786 cryptococcosis 144,487 aspergillosis 16,973 disseminated histoplasmosis 6121 Nigeria, 529,745 followed by Mozambique 318,822 year Malawi 309,080 A lower was Senegal, Mali, Sudan 3461, 8104, 8991

Language: Английский

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A Review of Histoplasma capsulatum Associated with Pulmonary Histoplasmosis

European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 2(5), P. 335 - 346

Published: Sept. 1, 2024

Histoplasma capsulatum is an intracellular dimorphic fungus that distributed across the globe and responsible for pulmonary histoplasmosis. Bats birds are natural reservoirs this pathogen, which found in soils contaminated with these animals' excreta, grows nature as a mold, tissues of susceptible host yeast. Transmission occurs through inhalation airborne spores. The clinical manifestation primary histoplasmosis, prevalent some regions North America, typically includes nonspecific symptoms like "fevers, malaise, chills, cough, weight loss, wheezing." Importantly, amount fungal particles breathed host's immune status determine severity infection, higher morbidity mortality rates among immunocompromised individuals. Pulmonary histoplasmosis usually acute, chronic, or disseminated infection and, form, resolves spontaneously antifungal therapy immunocompetent hosts. Most infections hosts asymptomatic, acute occurring after prolonged exposure to large quantities Conversely, individuals weakened systems, frequently manifests illness, high rate untreated cases. Nevertheless, adequate can significantly reduce rate. aim review was emphasize key aspects H. associated including geographic distribution capsulatum, presentation pathogenesis, response virulence factors pathophysiology COVID-19, diagnostic approaches, treatment strategies.

Language: Английский

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