The healthy human microbiome

Genome Medicine, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: April 27, 2016

Humans are virtually identical in their genetic makeup, yet the small differences our DNA give rise to tremendous phenotypic diversity across human population. By contrast, metagenome of microbiome—the total content microbes inhabiting bodies—is quite a bit more variable, with only third its constituent genes found majority healthy individuals. Understanding this variability “healthy microbiome” has thus been major challenge microbiome research, dating back at least 1960s, continuing through Human Microbiome Project and beyond. Cataloguing necessary sufficient sets features that support health, normal ranges these populations, is an essential first step identifying correcting microbial configurations implicated disease. Toward goal, several population-scale studies have documented both taxonomic compositions functional potentials normally observed microbiomes along possible driving factors such as geography, diet, lifestyle. Here, we review definitions ‘healthy microbiome’ emerged, current understanding diversity, gaps characterization molecular function development ecological therapies be addressed future.

Language: Английский

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Obesity Phenotypes, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Diseases

Circulation Research, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 126(11), P. 1477 - 1500

Published: May 21, 2020

This review addresses the interplay between obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. It is proposed that generally defined by an excess of body fat causing prejudice to health, can no longer be evaluated solely mass index (expressed in kg/m ) because it represents a heterogeneous entity. For instance, several cardiometabolic imaging studies have shown some individuals who normal weight or are overweight at high risk if they visceral adipose tissue—a condition often accompanied accumulation normally lean tissues (ectopic deposition liver, heart, skeletal muscle, etc). On other hand, obese nevertheless much lower than expected when faced with energy intake ability expand their subcutaneous tissue mass, particularly gluteal-femoral area. Hence, excessive amounts ectopic largely define disease moderate obesity. There also rapidly expanding subgroup patients characterized (severe obesity). Severe obesity specific additional health issues should receive attention. Because difficulties normalizing content severe more aggressive treatments been studied this such as surgery, referred metabolic surgery. basis above, we propose refer obesities rather

Language: Английский

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The intestinal microbiota fuelling metabolic inflammation

Nature reviews. Immunology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 20(1), P. 40 - 54

Published: Aug. 6, 2019

Language: Английский

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16S rRNA Next Generation Sequencing Analysis Shows Bacteria in Alzheimer’s Post-Mortem Brain

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: June 20, 2017

The neurological deterioration associated with Alzheimer’s disease, involving accumulation of amyloid-beta peptides and neurofibrillary tangles, is evident neuroinflammation. This now seen to be a significant contributor pathology. Recently the tenet privileged status brain, regarding microbial compromise, has been questioned, particularly in terms neurodegenerative diseases. It being considered that microbiological incursion into central nervous system could either an initiator or these. novel study using 16S ribosomal gene-specific Next Generation Sequencing extracted brain tissue. A comparison was made bacterial species content both frozen formaldehyde fixed sections small cohort Alzheimer-affected cases those cognitively unimpaired (normal). Our findings suggest increase populations Alzheimer tissue compared normal.

Language: Английский

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The Healthy Human Blood Microbiome: Fact or Fiction?

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: May 8, 2019

The blood that flows perpetually through our veins and arteries performs numerous functions essential to survival. Besides distributing oxygen, this vast circulatory system facilitates nutrient transport, deters infection dispenses heat throughout bodies. Since human has traditionally been considered be an entirely sterile environment, comprising only blood-cells, platelets plasma, the detection of microbes in was consistently interpreted as indication infection. However, although a contentious concept, evidence for existence healthy blood-microbiome is steadily accumulating. While origins, identities these unanticipated micro-organisms remain elucidated, information on blood-borne microbial phylogeny gradually increasing. Given recent advances microbial-haematology, we review current literature concerning composition origin blood-microbiome, focusing bacteria their role configuration both diseased blood-microbiomes. Specifically, explore ways which dysbiosis supposedly innocuous bacterial microbiome may stimulate pathogenesis. In addition exploring relationship between development complex disorders, also address matter contamination, citing influence contaminants interpretation blood-derived datasets urging routine analysis laboratory controls ascertain taxonomic metabolic characteristics environmentally-derived contaminant-taxa.

Language: Английский

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A Specific Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis of Type 2 Diabetic Mice Induces GLP-1 Resistance through an Enteric NO-Dependent and Gut-Brain Axis Mechanism

Cell Metabolism, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 25(5), P. 1075 - 1090.e5

Published: May 1, 2017

Language: Английский

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Microbiota‐derived extracellular vesicles in interkingdom communication in the gut

Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10(13)

Published: Nov. 1, 2021

The intestine is fundamental in controlling human health. Intestinal epithelial and immune cells are continuously exposed to millions of microbes that greatly impact on intestinal barrier function. This microbial community, known as gut microbiota, now recognized an important partner the being actively contribute essential functions but also distal organs. In ecosystem, bidirectional microbiota-host communication does not involve direct cell contacts. Both microbiota host-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) key players such interkingdom crosstalk. There accumulating body evidence bacterial secreted mediate by transporting delivering into host effector molecules modulate signalling pathways processes. Consequently, released may have great influence health disease. Here we review current knowledge EVs specifically highlight their role metabolism, integrity training.

Language: Английский

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Periodontal Disease: The Good, The Bad, and The Unknown

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Dec. 7, 2021

Periodontal disease is classically characterized by progressive destruction of the soft and hard tissues periodontal complex, mediated an interplay between dysbiotic microbial communities aberrant immune responses within gingival tissues. Putative pathogens are enriched as resident oral microbiota becomes inflammatory evoke tissue destruction, thus inducing unremitting positive feedback loop proteolysis, inflammation, enrichment for pathogens. Keystone sustained inflammation critical to progression. However, recent studies have revealed importance previously unidentified microbes involved in progression, including various viruses, phages bacterial species. Moreover, newly identified immunological genetic mechanisms, well environmental host factors, diet lifestyle, been discerned years further contributory factors periodontitis. These collectively expanded established narrative In line with this, new ideologies related maintaining health treating existing explored, such application probiotics, limit attenuate The role systemic pathologies, autoimmune disorders diabetes, pathogenesis has noted. Recent additionally reciprocated potentiating states at distal sites, Alzheimer’s disease, bowel diseases, cancer, highlighting cavity health. Here we review long-standing knowledge progression while integrating novel research concepts that broadened our understanding disease. Further, delve into innovative hypotheses may evolve address significant gaps foundational

Language: Английский

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Changes in blood microbiota profiles associated with liver fibrosis in obese patients: A pilot analysis

Hepatology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 64(6), P. 2015 - 2027

Published: Sept. 17, 2016

The early detection of liver fibrosis among patients with nonalcoholic fatty disease (NAFLD) is an important clinical need. In view the suggested role played by bacterial translocation in and obesity, we sought to investigate relationship between blood microbiota (LF) European cohorts severe obesity. We carried out a cross-sectional study obese patients, well characterized respect severity NAFLD, cohort FLORINASH. This has been divided into discovery comprising 50 Spanish then validation 71 Italian patients. Blood DNA was analyzed both quantitatively 16S ribosomal (rDNA) quantitative polymerase chain reaction qualitatively rDNA targeted metagenomic sequencing functional metagenome prediction. plasma bile acid contents were liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. concentration significantly higher LF. By sequencing, found specific differences proportion several taxa feces that correlate presence LF, thus defining signature disease. Several secondary/primary ratios also decreased LF cohort. confirmed, cohort, correlation whereas did not confirm signature, despite similar trend more-severe fibrosis.Changes are associated analysis provides potential biomarkers for this population. (Hepatology 2016;64:2015-2027).

Language: Английский

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Gut Microbiome, Intestinal Permeability, and Tissue Bacteria in Metabolic Disease: Perpetrators or Bystanders?

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(4), P. 1082 - 1082

Published: April 14, 2020

The emerging evidence on the interconnectedness between gut microbiome and host metabolism has led to a paradigm shift in study of metabolic diseases such as obesity type 2 diabetes with implications both underlying pathophysiology potential treatment. Mounting preclinical clinical microbiota shifts, increased intestinal permeability disease, critical positioning barrier at interface environment internal milieu have rekindling “leaky gut” concept. Although circulation surrogate markers directly measurable been linked systemic inflammation mechanistic models behind this phenomenon are underdeveloped. Given repeated observations microorganisms several tissues congruent phylogenetic findings, we review current these unanticipated niches, focusing specifically interaction well extra-intestinal bacteria their joint contributions metabolism. We further address limitations studies suggest strategies drawing standard techniques for measurement, recent advancements microbial culture independent computational methodologies robustly develop concepts, which may be considerable value development prevention treatment strategies.

Language: Английский

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