Piggyback-the-Winner in host-associated microbial communities

npj Biofilms and Microbiomes, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 2(1)

Published: July 6, 2016

Abstract Phages can exploit their bacterial hosts by lytic infection, when many viral particles are released at cell lysis, or lysogeny, phages integrate into the host’s genome. We recently proposed a new dynamic model of bacteria–phage interactions in which lysogeny predominates high microbial abundance and growth rates. This model, named Piggyback-the-Winner (PtW), contrasts to current accepted models on frequency lysis predicts that hosts’ genomes as prophages abundances rates high. According PtW, switching temperate life cycle reduces phage predation control confers superinfection exclusion, preventing closely-related infects same cell. Here we examine how PtW is important for metazoans. Specifically, postulate described bacteriophage adherence mucus (BAM) strongly interrelated have an role development microbiome. In BAM, produced microbiome attach mucins protect underlying epithelial cells from invading bacteria. Spatial structuring creates gradient replication strategies consistent with PtW. predict favored top mucosal layer bacteria-sparse intermediary layers. The competitive advantage commensals against niche invasion infection eliminates potential pathogens deeper

Language: Английский

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Integrating ecological roles and trophic diversification on coral reefs: multiple lines of evidence identify parrotfishes as microphages

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Nov. 1, 2016

Coral reef ecosystems are remarkable for their high productivity in nutrient-poor waters. A proportion of primary production is consumed by the dominant herbivore assemblage, teleost fishes, many which product recent and rapid diversification. Our review synthesis trophodynamics herbivorous fishes suggests that current models underestimate level resource partitioning, thus trophic innovation, this diverse assemblage. We examine several lines evidence including feeding observations, anatomy, biochemical analyses diet, tissue composition digestive processes to show prevailing view (including explicit models) parrotfishes as consumers macroscopic algae incompatible with available data. Instead, data consistent hypothesis most microphages target cyanobacteria other protein-rich autotrophic microorganisms live on (epilithic) or within (endolithic) calcareous substrata, epiphytic seagrasses, endosymbiotic sessile invertebrates. This novel parrotfish biology provides a unified explanation apparently disparate range substrata used parrotfishes, integrates nutrition ecological roles bioerosion sediment transport. Accelerated evolution can now be explained result (1) ability utilize food i.e. microscopic autotrophs; (2) partitioning habitat successional stage.

Language: Английский

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Metaorganisms in extreme environments: do microbes play a role in organismal adaptation?

Zoology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 127, P. 1 - 19

Published: Feb. 15, 2018

From protists to humans, all animals and plants are inhabited by microbial organisms. There is an increasing appreciation that these resident microbes influence the fitness of their plant animal hosts, ultimately forming a metaorganism consisting uni- or multicellular host community associated microorganisms. Research on host–microbe interactions has become emerging cross-disciplinary field. In both vertebrates invertebrates complex microbiome confers immunological, metabolic behavioural benefits; conversely, its disturbance can contribute development disease states. However, molecular cellular mechanisms controlling within poorly understood many key between organisms remain unknown. this perspective article, we outline some issues in interspecies particular address question how metaorganisms react adapt inputs from extreme environments such as deserts, intertidal zone, oligothrophic seas, hydrothermal vents.

Language: Английский

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The sponge microbiome project

GigaScience, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 6(10)

Published: Aug. 16, 2017

Marine sponges (phylum Porifera) are a diverse, phylogenetically deep-branching clade known for forming intimate partnerships with complex communities of microorganisms. To date, 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies have largely utilised different extraction and amplification methodologies to target the microbial limited number sponge species, severely limiting comparative analyses diversity structure. Here, we provide an extensive standardised dataset that will facilitate microbiome comparisons across large spatial, temporal, environmental scales. Samples from marine (n = 3569 specimens), seawater 370), sediments 65) other environments 29) were collected locations globe. This incorporates at least 268 including several yet unidentified taxa. The V4 region was amplified sequenced extracted DNA using procedures. Raw sequences (total 1.1 billion sequences) processed clustered (i) standard protocol QIIME closed-reference picking resulting in 39 543 operational taxonomic units (OTU) 97% sequence identity, (ii) de novo clustering Mothur 518 246 OTUs, (iii) new high-resolution Deblur 83 908 unique bacterial sequences. Abundance tables, representative sequences, classifications, metadata provided. represents comprehensive resource sponge-associated based on can be used address overarching hypotheses regarding host-associated prokaryotes, host specificity, convergent evolution, drivers structure, rare biosphere.

Language: Английский

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Stable isotopes dissect aquatic food webs from the top to the bottom

Biogeosciences, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 11(8), P. 2357 - 2371

Published: April 28, 2014

Abstract. Stable isotopes have been used extensively to study food-web functioning, that is, the flow of energy and matter among organisms. Traditional studies are based on natural variability limited larger organisms can be physically separated from their environment. Recent developments allow isotope ratio measurements microbes this in turn allows measurement entire food webs, other words, small producers at bottom large consumers top. Here, I provide a concise review use potential stable reconstruct end-to-end webs. will first discuss web reconstruction abundances data then show as deliberately added tracers provides complementary information. Finally, challenges opportunities for reconstructions changing world discussed.

Language: Английский

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The HMA-LMA Dichotomy Revisited: an Electron Microscopical Survey of 56 Sponge Species

Biological Bulletin, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 227(1), P. 78 - 88

Published: Aug. 1, 2014

The dichotomy between high microbial abundance (HMA) and low (LMA) sponges has been long recognized. In the present study, 56 sponge species from three geographic regions (greater Caribbean, Mediterranean, Red Sea) were investigated by transmission electron microscopy for presence of microorganisms in mesohyl matrix. Additionally, bacterial enumeration DAPI-counting was performed on a subset samples. Of investigated, 28 identified as belonging to HMA LMA category. orders Agelasida Verongida consisted exclusively species, Poecilosclerida composed only sponges. Other taxa contained both types associations (e.g., marine Haplosclerida, Homoscleromorpha, Dictyoceratida), clear phylogenetic pattern could not be identified. For few an intermediate load determined, data did suffice reliably determine or status. To experimentally status we therefore recommend combination 16S rRNA gene sequence data. This study significantly expands previous reports abundances tissues contributes better understanding HMA-LMA sponge-microbe symbioses.

Language: Английский

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Coral mucus fuels the sponge loop in warm- and cold-water coral reef ecosystems

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: Jan. 7, 2016

Abstract Shallow warm-water and deep-sea cold-water corals engineer the coral reef framework fertilize communities by releasing mucus, a source of dissolved organic matter (DOM). By transforming DOM into particulate detritus, sponges play key role in transferring energy nutrients to higher trophic levels on Caribbean reefs via so-called sponge loop. Coral mucus may be major for loop, but uptake has not been demonstrated. Here we used laboratory stable isotope tracer experiments show transfer bulk tissue phospholipid fatty acids Mycale fistulifera Hymedesmia coriacea , demonstrating direct link between sponges. Furthermore, 21–40% carbon 32–39% nitrogen assimilated was subsequently released as confirming loop Red Sea north Atlantic reefs. The presence two vastly different environments suggests it is ubiquitous feature ecosystems contributing high biogeochemical cycling that enable thrive nutrient-limited (warm-water) energy-limited (cold-water) environments.

Language: Английский

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The Anthropocene biosphere

The Anthropocene Review, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 2(3), P. 196 - 219

Published: June 18, 2015

The geological record preserves evidence for two fundamental stages in the evolution of Earth’s biosphere, a microbial stage from ~3.5 to 0.65 Ga, and metazoan evident by c. 650 Ma. We suggest that modern biosphere differs significantly these previous shows early signs new, third characterised by: (1) global homogenisation flora fauna; (2) single species ( Homo sapiens) commandeering 25–40% net primary production also mining fossil (fossil fuels) break through photosynthetic energy barrier; (3) human-directed other species; (4) increasing interaction with technosphere (the emergent system includes humans, technological artefacts, associated social networks). These unique features today’s may herald new era planet’s history could persist over timescales.

Language: Английский

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Demographic dynamics of the smallest marine vertebrates fuel coral reef ecosystem functioning

Science, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 364(6446), P. 1189 - 1192

Published: May 23, 2019

Little fish make a big contribution Coral reefs represent one of the most biodiverse and rich ecosystems. Such richness conjures up images coral heads large colorful reef fishes. Brandl et al. show, however, that striking important parts ecosystem is almost never seen (see Perspective by Riginos Leis). Small cryptobenthic fish, like blennies, nearly 40% biodiversity. Furthermore, majority larvae settle locally, rather than being widely dispersed, have rapid turnover rates. high diversity densities could thus provide biomass base for larger, better-known fish. Science , this issue p. 1189 ; see also 1128

Language: Английский

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Global Carbon Cycling on a Heterogeneous Seafloor

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 33(2), P. 96 - 105

Published: Dec. 14, 2017

Diverse biological communities mediate the transformation, transport, and storage of elements fundamental to life on Earth, including carbon, nitrogen, oxygen. However, global biogeochemical model outcomes can vary by orders magnitude, compromising capacity project realistic ecosystem responses planetary changes, ocean productivity climate. Here, we compare carbon turnover rates estimated using models grounded in versus geochemical theory argue that estimates based each perspective yield divergent outcomes. Importantly, empirical studies include sedimentary activity less than those ignore it. Improving relevance projections reducing uncertainty associated with anticipated consequences change requires reconciliation these perspectives, enabling better societal decisions mitigation adaptation.

Language: Английский

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