Environmental variability supports chimpanzee behavioural diversity

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: Sept. 15, 2020

Abstract Large brains and behavioural innovation are positively correlated, species-specific traits, associated with the flexibility animals need for adapting to seasonal unpredictable habitats. Similar ecological challenges would have been important drivers throughout human evolution. However, studies examining influence of environmental variability on within-species diversity lacking despite critical assumption that population diversification precedes genetic divergence speciation. Here, using a dataset 144 wild chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ) communities, we show chimpanzees exhibit greater in environments more — both recent historical timescales. Notably, distance from Pleistocene forest refugia is presence larger number including tool non-tool use behaviours. Since than half behaviours investigated also likely be cultural, suggest was evolutionary force promoting behavioural, as well cultural great apes.

Language: Английский

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The burgeoning reach of animal culture

Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 372(6537)

Published: April 1, 2021

Culture can be defined as all that is learned from others and repeatedly transmitted in this way, forming traditions may inherited by successive generations. This cultural form of inheritance was once thought specific to humans, but research over the past 70 years has instead revealed it widespread nature, permeating lives a diversity animals, including major classes vertebrates. Recent studies suggest culture's reach extend also invertebrates-notably, insects. In present century, animal culture been found across many different behavioral domains rest on suite social learning processes facilitated variety selective biases enhance efficiency adaptiveness learning. Far-reaching implications, for disciplines evolutionary biology anthropology conservation policies, are increasingly being explored.

Language: Английский

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Rethinking the study of human–wildlife coexistence

Conservation Biology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 35(3), P. 784 - 793

Published: Oct. 12, 2020

Although coexistence with wildlife is a key goal of conservation, little known about it or how to study it. By we mean sustainable though dynamic state in which humans and coadapt sharing landscapes, where human interactions are effectively governed ensure populations persist socially legitimate ways that tolerable risk levels. Problems arise from current conflict-oriented framing human-wildlife include reinforcing human-nature dichotomy as fundamentally oppositional, suggesting requires the absence conflict, skewing research management toward direct negative impacts over indirect positive aspects living wildlife. Human behavior framed rational calculus costs benefits, sidelining emotional cultural dimensions these interactions. Coexistence less studied due unfamiliarity relevant methodologies, including qualitative methods, self-reflexivity ethical rigor, constraints on funding time. These challenges illustrated examples fieldwork India Africa. We recommend basic approach case studies aimed at expanding scope inquiries into relations beyond quantification benefits humans.Replanteamiento del Estudio de la Coexistencia Humano-Fauna Resumen A pesar que coexistencia con fauna es una meta suma importancia para conservación, todavía se conoce muy poco sobre ella y cómo estudiarla. Cuando hablamos nos referimos un estado sustentable, pero vez dinámico en el cual los humanos están coadaptados compartir paisajes las interacciones entre animales regidas manera efectiva asegurar poblaciones persistan maneras socialmente legítimas aseguren niveles tolerables riesgo. Los problemas surgen actuales estructuraciones orientadas hacia resolución conflictos humano-fauna incluyen reforzamiento dicotomía humano-naturaleza como fundamentalmente opositora, lo sugiere requiere ausencia conflicto desviación investigación manejo impactos negativos directos por encima indirectos aspectos positivos convivencia fauna. El comportamiento humano está conceptualizado cálculo racional costos beneficios, haciendo lado dimensiones emocionales culturales estas interacciones. La estudiada debido poca familiarización metodologías relevantes, incluyendo métodos cualitativos, rigor ético autorreflexivo restricciones al financiamiento tiempo. Estos retos encuentran ilustrados mediante ejemplos tomados trabajo campo África. Recomendamos enfoque básico estudios caso centrado expansión espectro indagaciones relaciones más allá cuantificación beneficios humanos.

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Just ten percent of the global terrestrial protected area network is structurally connected via intact land

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: Sept. 11, 2020

Abstract Land free of direct anthropogenic disturbance is considered essential for achieving biodiversity conservation outcomes but rapidly eroding. In response, many nations are increasing their protected area (PA) estates, little consideration given to the context surrounding landscape. This despite fact that structural connectivity between PAs critical in a changing climate and mandated by international targets. Using high-resolution assessment human pressure, we show while ~40% terrestrial planet intact, only 9.7% Earth’s network can be structurally connected. On average, 11% each country or territory’s PA estate As global community commits bolder action on abating loss, placement future will critical, as an increased focus landscape-scale habitat retention restoration efforts ensure those important areas set aside remain (or become)

Language: Английский

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Global human influence maps reveal clear opportunities in conserving Earth’s remaining intact terrestrial ecosystems

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 26(8), P. 4344 - 4356

Published: June 5, 2020

Abstract Leading up to the Convention on Biological Diversity Conference of Parties 15, there is momentum around setting bold conservation targets. Yet, it remains unclear how much Earth's land area without significant human influence and where this located. We compare four recent global maps influences across land, Anthromes, Global Human Modification, Footprint Low Impact Areas, answer these questions. Despite using various methodologies data, different spatial assessments independently estimate similar percentages terrestrial surface as having very low (20%–34%) (48%–56%) influence. Three out agree 46% non‐permanent ice‐ or snow‐covered However, portions planet are comprised cold (e.g., boreal forests, montane grasslands tundra) arid deserts) landscapes. Only biomes (boreal deserts, temperate coniferous forests have a majority datasets agreeing that at least half their has More concerning, <1% grasslands, tropical dry most datasets, mangroves also identified all datasets. These findings suggest about relatively offers opportunities for proactive actions retain last intact ecosystems planet. though relative abundance ecosystem areas with varies widely by biome, conserving should be high priority before they completely lost.

Language: Английский

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A deepening understanding of animal culture suggests lessons for conservation

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 288(1949)

Published: April 21, 2021

A key goal of conservation is to protect biodiversity by supporting the long-term persistence viable, natural populations wild species. Conservation practice has long been guided genetic, ecological and demographic indicators risk. Emerging evidence animal culture across diverse taxa its role as a driver evolutionary diversification, population structure processes may be essential for augmenting these conventional approaches decision-making. Animal was focus ground-breaking resolution under Convention on Migratory Species Wild Animals (CMS), an international treaty operating UN Environment Programme. Here, we synthesize existing demonstrate how social learning interact with important management. Specifically, explore might influence viability resource in response anthropogenic change, provide examples it can result phenotypically distinct units different, socially learnt behavioural strategies. While identifying challenging, indirect identification parsimonious inferences informative. Finally, identify relevant methodologies framework viewing data through cultural lens which new insights

Language: Английский

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Local genetic adaptation to habitat in wild chimpanzees

Science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 387(6730)

Published: Jan. 9, 2025

How populations adapt to their environment is a fundamental question in biology. Yet, we know surprisingly little about this process, especially for endangered species, such as nonhuman great apes. Chimpanzees, our closest living relatives, are particularly notable because they inhabit diverse habitats, from rainforest woodland-savannah. Whether genetic adaptation facilitates habitat diversity remains unknown, despite it having wide implications evolutionary biology and conservation. By using newly sequenced exomes 828 wild chimpanzees (388 postfiltering), found evidence of fine-scale habitat, with signatures positive selection forest the same genes underlying malaria humans. This work demonstrates power noninvasive samples reveal adaptations highlights importance adaptive chimpanzees.

Language: Английский

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Behavioral Diversity as a Potential Indicator of Positive Animal Welfare

Animals, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 10(7), P. 1211 - 1211

Published: July 16, 2020

Modern day zoos and aquariums continuously assess the welfare of their animals use evidence to make informed management decisions. Historically, many indicators animal used collection are negative welfare, such as stereotypic behavior. However, a lack does not demonstrate that an individual is thriving. There need for validated measures positive there growing body supports behavioral diversity indicator welfare. This includes inverse relationship with behavior well fecal glucocorticoid metabolites typically higher in situations thought promote review article highlights previous research on potential Details provided how calculate it when evaluating Finally, will indicate can be inform evidence-based approach care

Language: Английский

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Deep Machine Learning Techniques for the Detection and Classification of Sperm Whale Bioacoustics

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: Aug. 29, 2019

Abstract We implemented Machine Learning (ML) techniques to advance the study of sperm whale ( Physeter macrocephalus ) bioacoustics. This entailed employing Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) construct an echolocation click detector designed classify spectrograms generated from acoustic data according presence or absence a click. The achieved 99.5% accuracy in classifying 650 spectrograms. successful application CNNs clicks reveals potential future studies train CNN-based architectures extract finer-scale details cetacean Long short-term memory and gated recurrent unit neural networks were trained perform classification tasks, including (1) “coda type classification” where we obtained 97.5% categorizing 23 coda types Dominica dataset containing 8,719 codas 93.6% 43 Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) with 16,995 codas; (2) “vocal clan 95.3% for two classes 93.1% four ETP types; (3) “individual identification” 99.4% using whales. These results demonstrate feasibility applying ML bioacoustics establish validity constructing learn meaningful representations vocalizations.

Language: Английский

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Chimpanzee ethnography reveals unexpected cultural diversity

Nature Human Behaviour, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 4(9), P. 910 - 916

Published: May 25, 2020

Language: Английский

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