Scientists’ warning to humanity: microorganisms and climate change

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 17(9), P. 569 - 586

Published: June 18, 2019

In the Anthropocene, in which we now live, climate change is impacting most life on Earth. Microorganisms support existence of all higher trophic forms. To understand how humans and other forms Earth (including those are yet to discover) can withstand anthropogenic change, it vital incorporate knowledge microbial 'unseen majority'. We must learn not just microorganisms affect production consumption greenhouse gases) but also they will be affected by human activities. This Consensus Statement documents central role global importance biology. It puts humanity notice that impact depend heavily responses microorganisms, essential for achieving an environmentally sustainable future. The majority with share often goes unnoticed despite underlying major biogeochemical cycles food webs, thereby taking a key change. highlights microbiology issues call action microbiologists.

Language: Английский

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High Climate Sensitivity in the Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2)

Geophysical Research Letters, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 46(14), P. 8329 - 8337

Published: July 16, 2019

Abstract The Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2) has an equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) of 5.3 K. ECS is emergent property both feedbacks and aerosol forcing. increase in over the previous version (CESM1) result cloud feedbacks. Interim versions CESM2 had a land model that damped ECS. Part change results from evolving configuration to reproduce long‐term trend global regional surface temperature twentieth century response forcings. Changes made reduce aerosols also impacted feedbacks, which significantly influence simulations compare very well observations present climate. It critical understand whether high ECS, outside best estimate range 1.5–4.5 K, plausible.

Language: Английский

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A comprehensive analysis of the spatio-temporal variation of urban air pollution in China during 2014–2018

Atmospheric Environment, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 220, P. 117066 - 117066

Published: Oct. 24, 2019

Language: Английский

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East Asian Study of Tropospheric Aerosols and their Impact on Regional Clouds, Precipitation, and Climate (EAST‐AIR_CPC)

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 124(23), P. 13026 - 13054

Published: Oct. 23, 2019

Abstract Aerosols have significant and complex impacts on regional climate in East Asia. Cloud‐aerosol‐precipitation interactions (CAPI) remain most challenging studies. The quantitative understanding of CAPI requires good knowledge aerosols, ranging from their formation, composition, transport, radiative, hygroscopic, microphysical properties. A comprehensive review is presented here centered the based chiefly, but not limited to, publications special section named EAST‐AIRcpc concerning (1) observations aerosol loading properties, (2) relationships between aerosols meteorological variables affecting CAPI, (3) mechanisms behind (4) quantification impact climate. Heavy Asia has radiative effects by reducing surface radiation, increasing air temperature, lowering boundary layer height. key factor absorption, which particularly strong central China. This absorption can a wide range such as creating an imbalance forcing at top bottom atmosphere, leading to inconsistent retrievals cloud space‐borne ground‐based instruments. Aerosol delay or suppress initiation development convective clouds whose microphysics be further altered effect aerosols. For same thickness, likelihood precipitation influenced aerosols: suppressing light rain enhancing heavy rain, delaying intensifying thunderstorms, onset isolated showers parts Rainfall become more inhomogeneous extreme heavily polluted urban regions.

Language: Английский

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Aerosols enhance cloud lifetime and brightness along the stratus-to-cumulus transition

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 117(30), P. 17591 - 17598

Published: July 13, 2020

Significance All cloud droplets on Earth form from tiny airborne particles known as aerosols. Additional aerosols anthropogenic activity have produced more but at smaller sizes. The smaller, numerous in clouds do not collide effectively, therefore resulting less precipitation. Using a combination of time-lapse satellite imagery and air mass trajectory modeling, we show that can enhance fraction extend the lifetime overcast fields primarily under stable atmospheric conditions typically found off west coasts subtropical stratocumulus-dominated regions. Longer-lived stronger cooling influence climate therefore, need to be correctly parameterized models so accurate projections change achieved.

Language: Английский

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Large contribution of meteorological factors to inter-decadal changes in regional aerosol optical depth

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 19(16), P. 10497 - 10523

Published: Aug. 21, 2019

Abstract. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) has become a crucial metric for assessing global climate change. Although and regional AOD trends have been studied extensively, it remains unclear what factors are driving the inter-decadal variations in how to quantify relative contribution of each dominant factor. This study used long-term (1980–2016) aerosol dataset from Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis Research Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis, along with two satellite-based datasets (MODIS/Terra MISR) 2001 2016, investigate loading. Statistical models based on emission meteorological parameters were developed identify main changes their contribution. Evaluation MERRA-2 ground-based measurements AERONET indicated significant spatial agreement scale (r= 0.85, root-mean-square error = 0.12, mean fractional 38.7 %, gross 9.86 % index 0.94). However, when observations China Remote Sensing Network (CARSNET) employed independent verification, results showed that AODs generally underestimated CARSNET (relative bias 0.72 =-34.3 %). In general, was able quantitatively reproduce annual seasonal both scales, as observed by MODIS/Terra, although some differences found compared MISR. Over 37-year period this study, decreasing over Europe eastern United States. contrast, southern Asia increases, but increasing trend former reversed sharply most recent decade. The statistical analyses suggested explained larger proportion variability (20.4 %–72.8 %) almost all regions interest (ROIs) during 1980–2014 (0 %–56 Further analysis also SO2 factor, explaining 12.7 %–32.6 variation anthropogenic-aerosol-dominant regions, while black carbon or organic leading factor biomass-burning-dominant (BBD) contributing 24.0 %–27.7 variation. Additionally, wind speed be parameter, 11.8 %–30.3 variance mineral-dust-dominant ambient humidity (including soil moisture humidity) top parameter BBD accounting 11.7 %–35.5 indicate is key determining change AOD.

Language: Английский

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Weak average liquid-cloud-water response to anthropogenic aerosols

Nature, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 572(7767), P. 51 - 55

Published: July 31, 2019

Language: Английский

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Molecular identification of organic vapors driving atmospheric nanoparticle growth

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10(1)

Published: Sept. 30, 2019

Abstract Particles formed in the atmosphere via nucleation provide about half number of atmospheric cloud condensation nuclei, but many locations, this process is limited by growth newly particles. That often organic vapors. Identification these vapors and their sources thus fundamental for simulating changes to aerosol-cloud interactions, which are one most uncertain aspects anthropogenic climate forcing. Here we present direct molecular-level observations a distribution forested environment that can explain simultaneously observed nanoparticle from 3 50 nm. Furthermore, volatility sufficient without invoking particle-phase processes. The agreement between mass growth, predicted condensing represents an important step forward characterization particle growth.

Language: Английский

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Strong Dependence of Atmospheric Feedbacks on Mixed‐Phase Microphysics and Aerosol‐Cloud Interactions in HadGEM3

Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 11(6), P. 1735 - 1758

Published: May 17, 2019

Abstract We analyze the atmospheric processes that explain large changes in radiative feedbacks between two latest climate configurations of Hadley Centre Global Environmental model. use a set atmosphere‐only change simulations ( amip and amip‐p4K ) to separate contributions differences feedback parameter from all model developments configurations. show are mostly driven by shortwave cloud midlatitudes, mainly over Southern Ocean. Two new schemes most differences: introduction aerosol scheme development mixed‐phase scheme. Both reduce strength preexisting negative midlatitudes. The dampens strong aerosol‐cloud interaction, it also suppresses clear‐sky feedback. increases amount liquid water path (LWP) present day reduces increase LWP with warming. contribute reducing warmer climate. enhances strong, preexisting, positive fraction assess realism comparing present‐day against observations discuss avenues could help constrain relevant processes.

Language: Английский

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What caused severe air pollution episode of November 2016 in New Delhi?

Atmospheric Environment, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 222, P. 117125 - 117125

Published: Nov. 9, 2019

Language: Английский

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