Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
14
Published: Jan. 3, 2022
Throughout
early
phases
of
brain
development,
the
two
main
neural
signaling
mechanisms-excitation
and
inhibition-are
dynamically
sculpted
in
neocortex
to
establish
primary
functions.
Despite
its
relatively
late
formation
persistent
developmental
changes,
GABAergic
system
promotes
ordered
shaping
neuronal
circuits
at
structural
functional
levels.
Within
this
frame,
interneurons
participate
first
spontaneous
later
sensory-evoked
activity
patterns
that
precede
cortical
functions
mature
brain.
Upon
their
subcortical
generation,
embryonic
must
orderly
migrate
settle
respective
target
layers
before
they
can
actively
engage
network
activity.
During
process,
changes
molecular
synaptic
level
allow
not
only
coordinated
but
also
pruning
connections
as
well
excitatory
inhibitory
synapses.
At
postsynaptic
site,
shift
from
an
towards
response
is
required
enable
synchronization
within
networks.
Concomitantly,
progressive
specification
different
interneuron
subtypes
endows
with
distinct
local
region-specific
modulation
firing.
Finally,
apoptotic
process
further
refines
populations
by
constantly
maintaining
a
controlled
ratio
neurons.
Interestingly,
many
these
fundamental
complex
processes
are
influenced-if
directly
controlled-by
electrical
Interneurons
on
subcellular,
cellular,
affected
high
frequency
patterns,
such
spindle
burst
gamma
oscillations
rodents
delta
brushes
humans.
Conversely,
maturation
structure
function
each
scales
feeds
back
contributes
generation
essential
for
proper
peri-
postnatal
development.
Overall,
more
precise
description
conducting
role
terms
how
contribute
specific
patterns-as
impinge
orchestra
members-will
lead
better
understanding
physiological
pathophysiological
development
nervous
system.
Nature,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
610(7931), P. 319 - 326
Published: Oct. 12, 2022
Abstract
Self-organizing
neural
organoids
represent
a
promising
in
vitro
platform
with
which
to
model
human
development
and
disease
1–5
.
However,
lack
the
connectivity
that
exists
vivo,
limits
maturation
makes
integration
other
circuits
control
behaviour
impossible.
Here
we
show
stem
cell-derived
cortical
transplanted
into
somatosensory
cortex
of
newborn
athymic
rats
develop
mature
cell
types
integrate
sensory
motivation-related
circuits.
MRI
reveals
post-transplantation
organoid
growth
across
multiple
lines
animals,
whereas
single-nucleus
profiling
shows
progression
corticogenesis
emergence
activity-dependent
transcriptional
programs.
Indeed,
neurons
display
more
complex
morphological,
synaptic
intrinsic
membrane
properties
than
their
counterparts,
enables
discovery
defects
derived
from
individuals
Timothy
syndrome.
Anatomical
functional
tracings
receive
thalamocortical
corticocortical
inputs,
vivo
recordings
activity
demonstrate
these
inputs
can
produce
responses
cells.
Finally,
extend
axons
throughout
rat
brain
optogenetic
activation
drive
reward-seeking
behaviour.
Thus,
engage
host
We
anticipate
this
approach
will
be
useful
for
detecting
circuit-level
phenotypes
patient-derived
cells
cannot
otherwise
uncovered.
Neuropsychopharmacology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
47(1), P. 41 - 57
Published: Oct. 13, 2021
Abstract
During
evolution,
the
cerebral
cortex
advances
by
increasing
in
surface
and
introduction
of
new
cytoarchitectonic
areas
among
which
prefrontal
(PFC)
is
considered
to
be
substrate
highest
cognitive
functions.
Although
neurons
PFC
are
generated
before
birth,
differentiation
its
development
synaptic
connections
humans
extend
3rd
decade
life.
this
period,
synapses
as
well
neurotransmitter
systems
including
their
receptors
transporters,
initially
overproduced
followed
selective
elimination.
Advanced
methods
applied
human
animal
models,
enable
investigation
cellular
mechanisms
role
specific
genes,
non-coding
regulatory
elements
signaling
molecules
control
neuronal
production
phenotypic
fate,
migration
establish
layering
PFC.
Likewise,
various
genetic
approaches
combination
with
functional
assays
immunohistochemical
imaging
reveal
roles
during
maturation
Disruption,
or
even
a
slight
slowing
rate
production,
synaptogenesis
environmental
factors,
can
induce
gross
subtle
changes
that
eventually
lead
impairment.
An
understanding
evolution
provide
insight
into
pathogenesis
treatment
congenital
neuropsychiatric
diseases
idiopathic
developmental
disorders
cause
intellectual
disabilities.
Frontiers in Physics,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
9
Published: July 7, 2021
Self-organized
criticality
(SOC)
refers
to
the
ability
of
complex
systems
evolve
toward
a
second-order
phase
transition
at
which
interactions
between
system
components
lead
scale-invariant
events
that
are
beneficial
for
performance.
For
last
two
decades,
considerable
experimental
evidence
has
accumulated
mammalian
cortex
with
its
diversity
in
cell
types,
interconnectivity,
and
plasticity
might
exhibit
SOC.
Here,
we
review
findings
isolated,
layered
preparations
self-organize
four
dynamical
motifs
presently
identified
intact
vivo
:
up-states,
oscillations,
neuronal
avalanches,
coherence
potentials.
During
synchronization
observed
nested
theta/gamma
oscillations
embeds
can
be
by
robust
power
law
scaling
avalanche
sizes
slope
−3/2
critical
branching
parameter
1.
This
precise
coordination,
tracked
negative
transients
local
field
potential
(nLFP)
spiking
activity
pyramidal
neurons
using
two-photon
imaging,
emerges
autonomously
superficial
layers
organotypic
cultures
acute
slices,
is
homeostatically
regulated,
exhibits
separation
time
scales,
reveals
unique
size
vs.
quiet
dependencies.
A
subclass
potentials,
maintenance
course
propagated
synchrony.
Avalanches
emerge
under
conditions
strong
external
drive.
The
balance
excitation
inhibition
(E/I),
as
well
neuromodulators
such
dopamine,
establishes
powerful
control
parameters
dynamics.
rich
repertoire
not
dissociated
cultures,
lack
differentiation
into
cortical
phenotype
expected
first-order
transition.
avalanches
provide
compelling
SOC
brain.
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
16(1), P. a041503 - a041503
Published: Jan. 1, 2024
Zoltán
Molnár1
and
Kenneth
Y.
Kwan2
1Department
of
Physiology,
Anatomy
Genetics,
Sherrington
Building,
University
Oxford,
Oxford
OX1
3PT,
United
Kingdom
2Michigan
Neuroscience
Institute
(MNI),
Department
Human
Michigan,
Ann
Arbor,
Michigan
48109,
USA
Correspondence:
zoltan.molnar{at}dpag.ox.ac.uk;
kykwan{at}umich.edu
