Interventions to Reduce Risk for Pathogen Spillover and Early Disease Spread to Prevent Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Pandemics

Emerging infectious diseases, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 29(3), P. 1 - 9

Published: Feb. 23, 2023

The pathogens that cause most emerging infectious diseases in humans originate animals, particularly wildlife, and then spill over into humans. accelerating frequency with which domestic animals encounter wildlife because of activities such as land-use change, animal husbandry, markets trade live has created growing opportunities for pathogen spillover. risk spillover early disease spread among humans, however, can be reduced by stopping the clearing degradation tropical subtropical forests, improving health economic security communities living hotspots, enhancing biosecurity shutting down or strictly regulating trade, expanding surveillance. We summarize expert opinions on how to implement these goals prevent outbreaks, epidemics, pandemics.

Language: Английский

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The evolutionary drivers and correlates of viral host jumps

Nature Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 8(5), P. 960 - 971

Published: March 25, 2024

Most emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases stem from viruses that naturally circulate in non-human vertebrates. When these cross over into humans, they can cause disease outbreaks, epidemics pandemics. While zoonotic host jumps have been extensively studied an ecological perspective, little attention has gone characterizing the evolutionary drivers correlates underlying events. To address this gap, we harnessed entirety of publicly available viral genomic data, employing a comprehensive suite network phylogenetic analyses to investigate mechanisms underpinning recent jumps. Surprisingly, find humans are as much source sink for spillover events, insofar infer more other animals than humans. Moreover, demonstrate heightened evolution lineages involve putative We further observe extent adaptation associated with jump is lower broader ranges. Finally, show targets natural selection vary across different families, either structural or auxiliary genes being prime selection. Collectively, our results illuminate some may contribute mitigating threats species boundaries.

Language: Английский

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Leveraging natural history biorepositories as a global, decentralized, pathogen surveillance network

PLoS Pathogens, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 17(6), P. e1009583 - e1009583

Published: June 3, 2021

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic reveals a major gap in global biosecurity infrastructure: lack of publicly available biological samples representative across space, time, and taxonomic diversity. shortfall, this case for vertebrates, prevents accurate rapid identification monitoring emerging pathogens their reservoir host(s) precludes extended investigation ecological, evolutionary, environmental associations that lead to human infection or spillover. Natural history museum biorepositories form the backbone critically needed, decentralized, network zoonotic pathogen surveillance, yet infrastructure remains marginally developed, underutilized, underfunded, disconnected from public health initiatives. Proactive detection mitigation infectious diseases (EIDs) requires expanded biodiversity training (particularly biodiverse lower income countries) new communication pipelines connect biomedical communities. To end, we highlight novel adaptation Project ECHO’s virtual community practice model: Museums Emerging Pathogens Americas (MEPA). MEPA is aimed at fostering communication, coordination, collaborative problem-solving among researchers, officials, Americas. now acts as model effective international, interdisciplinary collaboration can should be replicated other hotspots. We encourage deposition wildlife specimens associated data with biorepositories, regardless original collection purpose, urge embrace specimen sources, types, uses maximize strategic growth utility EID research. Taxonomically, geographically, temporally deep biorepository archives serve foundation proactive increasingly predictive approach spillover, risk assessment, threat mitigation.

Language: Английский

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A Review of Non-Invasive Sampling in Wildlife Disease and Health Research: What’s New?

Animals, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(13), P. 1719 - 1719

Published: July 2, 2022

In the last decades, wildlife diseases and health status of animal populations have gained increasing attention from scientific community as part a One Health framework. Furthermore, need for non-invasive sampling methods with minimal impact on has become paramount in complying modern ethical standards regulations, to collect high-quality unbiased data. We analysed publication trends disease research offer comprehensive review different samples that can be collected non-invasively. retrieved 272 articles spanning 1998 2021, rapid increase number 2010. Thirty-nine percent papers were focussed diseases, 58% other health-related topics, 3% both. Stress physiological parameters most addressed followed by viruses, helminths, bacterial infections. Terrestrial mammals accounted 75% all publications, faeces widely used sample. Our materials collection highlights that, although use some types specific applications is now consolidated, others are perhaps still underutilised new technologies may future opportunities an even wider non-invasively samples.

Language: Английский

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Rapid in situ identification of biological specimens via DNA amplicon sequencing using miniaturized laboratory equipment

Nature Protocols, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 17(6), P. 1415 - 1443

Published: April 11, 2022

Language: Английский

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Evolution of pathogen tolerance and emerging infections: A missing experimental paradigm

eLife, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Sept. 21, 2021

Researchers worldwide are repeatedly warning us against future zoonotic diseases resulting from humankind's insurgence into natural ecosystems. The same pathogens that cause severe infections in a human host frequently fail to produce any disease outcome their hosts. What precise features of the immune system enable reservoirs carry these so efficiently? To understand effects, we highlight importance tracing evolutionary basis pathogen tolerance reservoir hosts, while drawing implications diverse physiological and life-history traits, ecological contexts host-pathogen interactions. Long-term co-evolution might allow hosts modulate immunity evolve pathogens, increasing circulation infectious period. Such processes can also create genetically pool by allowing more mutations genetic exchanges between circulating strains, thereby harboring rare alive-on-arrival variants with extended infectivity new (i.e., spillover). Finally, end underscoring indispensability large multidisciplinary empirical framework explore proposed link evolved tolerance, prevalence, spillover wild.

Language: Английский

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Ecological countermeasures for preventing zoonotic disease outbreaks: when ecological restoration is a human health imperative

Restoration Ecology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 29(4)

Published: Feb. 18, 2021

Ecological restoration should be regarded as a public health service. Unfortunately, the lack of quantitative linkages between environmental and human has limited recognition this principle. The advent COVID-19 pandemic provides impetus for further discussion. We propose ecological countermeasures highly targeted, landscape-based interventions to arrest drivers land use-induced zoonotic spillover. provide examples activities that reduce disease risk five-point action plan at human-ecosystem nexus. In conclusion, we make case are tenet ecology with goals.

Language: Английский

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Illegal Wildlife Trade and Emerging Infectious Diseases: Pervasive Impacts to Species, Ecosystems and Human Health

Animals, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(6), P. 1821 - 1821

Published: June 18, 2021

Emerging infectious disease (EID) events can be traced to anthropogenic factors, including the movement of wildlife through legal and illegal trade. This paper focuses on link between trade (IWT) pathogens. A literature review Web Science relevant conference proceedings from 1990 2020 resulted in documenting 82 papers 240 identified pathogen cases. Over 60% findings referred pathogens with known zoonotic potential five cases directly referenced spillover events. The diversity by taxa included 44 different birds, 47 mammals, 16 reptiles, two amphibians, fish, one invertebrates. is highest types reported related IWT. However, it likely not a fully representative sample due needed augmentation surveillance monitoring IWT more frequent testing recovered shipments. emergence human globalization has several pandemics last decade SARS, MERS, avian influenza H1N1,and Ebola. We detailed growing body this topic since 2008 highlight need detect, document, prevent spillovers high-risk activities, such as

Language: Английский

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Strengthening a One Health approach to emerging zoonoses

FACETS, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8, P. 1 - 64

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Given the enormous global impact of COVID-19 pandemic, outbreaks highly pathogenic avian influenza in Canada, and manifold other zoonotic pathogen activity, there is a pressing need for deeper understanding human-animal-environment interface intersecting biological, ecological, societal factors contributing to emergence, spread, diseases. We aim apply One Health approach issues related emerging zoonoses, propose functional framework interconnected but distinct groups recommendations around strategy governance, technical leadership (operations), equity, education research Action Plan Canada. Change desperately needed, beginning by reorienting our health recalibrating perspectives restore balance with natural world rapid sustainable fashion. In major paradigm shift how we think about required. All society must recognize intrinsic value all living species importance humans, animals, ecosystems all.

Language: Английский

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No need to beat around the bushmeat–The role of wildlife trade and conservation initiatives in the emergence of zoonotic diseases

Heliyon, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 7(7), P. e07692 - e07692

Published: July 1, 2021

Language: Английский

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