Gut Microbes,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
16(1)
Published: Aug. 25, 2024
The
human
gastrointestinal
tract,
boasting
the
most
diverse
microbial
community,
harbors
approximately
100
trillion
microorganisms
comprising
viruses,
bacteria,
fungi,
and
archaea.
profound
genetic
metabolic
capabilities
of
gut
microbiome
underlie
its
involvement
in
nearly
every
facet
biology,
from
health
maintenance
development
to
aging
disease.
Recent
recognition
microbiota
–
brain
axis,
referring
bidirectional
communication
network
between
microbes
their
host,
has
led
a
surge
interdisciplinary
research.
This
review
begins
with
an
overview
current
understandings
regarding
influence
on
intestinal
blood-brain
barrier
integrity.
Subsequently,
we
discuss
mechanisms
examining
role
microbiota-related
neural
transmission,
metabolites,
hormones
immunity.
We
propose
concept
microbiota-mediated
multi-barrier
modulation
potential
treatment
neurological
disorders.
Furthermore,
lymphatic
function
is
discussed,
providing
insights
into
lesser-known
conduits
ecosystem
within
brain.
In
final
section,
conclude
by
describing
ongoing
frontiers
understanding
axis's
impact
Science Translational Medicine,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
15(721)
Published: Nov. 8, 2023
Astrocytes
are
abundant
glial
cells
in
the
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
that
play
active
roles
health
and
disease.
Recent
technologies
have
uncovered
functional
heterogeneity
of
astrocytes
their
extensive
interactions
with
other
cell
types
CNS.
In
this
Review,
we
highlight
intricate
between
astrocytes,
CNS-resident
cells,
CNS-infiltrating
as
well
potential
therapeutic
value
context
inflammation
neurodegeneration.
Journal of Neuroinflammation,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
20(1)
Published: Nov. 27, 2023
As
one
of
most
common
and
severe
mental
disorders,
major
depressive
disorder
(MDD)
significantly
increases
the
risks
premature
death
other
medical
conditions
for
patients.
Neuroinflammation
is
abnormal
immune
response
in
brain,
its
correlation
with
MDD
receiving
increasing
attention.
has
been
reported
to
be
involved
through
distinct
neurobiological
mechanisms,
among
which
dysregulation
neurogenesis
dentate
gyrus
(DG)
hippocampus
(HPC)
The
DG
two
niches
adult
mammalian
neurotrophic
factors
are
fundamental
regulators
this
process.
cell
types
mediating
neuroinflammation
include
microglia,
astrocytes,
oligodendrocytes,
meningeal
leukocytes,
peripheral
cells
selectively
penetrate
blood-brain
barrier
infiltrate
into
inflammatory
regions.
This
review
summarizes
functions
affected
by
during
progression
corresponding
influences
on
memory
patients
model
animals.
Journal of Neuroinflammation,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
21(1)
Published: April 18, 2024
Abstract
The
notion
that
the
central
nervous
system
is
an
immunologically
immune-exempt
organ
has
changed
over
past
two
decades,
with
increasing
evidence
of
strong
links
and
interactions
between
peripheral
immune
system,
both
in
healthy
state
after
ischemic
hemorrhagic
stroke.
Although
primary
injury
stroke
certainly
important,
limited
therapeutic
efficacy,
poor
neurological
prognosis
high
mortality
have
led
researchers
to
realize
secondary
damage
may
also
play
important
roles
influencing
long-term
neuroinflammatory
process
one
most
influences
on
disease
progression.
Here,
we
summarize
stroke,
particular,
how
activates
recruits
components,
review
recent
advances
corresponding
approaches
clinical
studies,
emphasizing
importance
role
Science Immunology,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Jan. 28, 2025
Our
understanding
of
the
meningeal
immune
system
has
recently
burgeoned,
particularly
regarding
how
innate
and
adaptive
effector
cells
are
mobilized
to
meet
brain
challenges.
However,
information
on
immunocytes
guard
homeostasis
in
healthy
individuals
remains
limited.
This
study
highlights
heterogeneous,
polyfunctional
regulatory
T
cell
(T
reg
)
compartment
meninges.
A
subtype
specialized
controlling
interferon-gamma
(IFN-γ)
responses
another
dedicated
regulating
follicular
B
were
substantial
components
this
compartment.
Accordingly,
punctual
ablation
rapidly
unleashed
IFN-γ
production
by
lymphocytes,
unlocked
access
parenchyma,
altered
profiles.
Distally,
hippocampus
assumed
a
reactive
state,
with
morphological
transcriptional
changes
multiple
glial
types.
Within
dentate
gyrus,
neural
stem
underwent
more
death
blocked
from
further
differentiation,
which
coincided
impairments
short-term
spatial-reference
memory.
Thus,
regs
multifaceted
safeguard
at
steady
state.
