Climate change: Strategies for mitigation and adaptation

The Innovation Geoscience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 1(1), P. 100015 - 100015

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

<p>The sustainability of life on Earth is under increasing threat due to human-induced climate change. This perilous change in the Earth's caused by increases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases atmosphere, primarily emissions associated with burning fossil fuels. Over next two three decades, effects change, such as heatwaves, wildfires, droughts, storms, floods, are expected worsen, posing greater risks human health global stability. These trends call for implementation mitigation adaptation strategies. Pollution environmental degradation exacerbate existing problems make people nature more susceptible In this review, we examine current state from different perspectives. We summarize evidence Earth’s spheres, discuss emission pathways drivers analyze impact health. also explore strategies highlight key challenges reversing adapting change.</p>

Language: Английский

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Widespread retreat of coastal habitat is likely at warming levels above 1.5 °C

Nature, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 621(7977), P. 112 - 119

Published: Aug. 30, 2023

Abstract Several coastal ecosystems—most notably mangroves and tidal marshes—exhibit biogenic feedbacks that are facilitating adjustment to relative sea-level rise (RSLR), including the sequestration of carbon trapping mineral sediment 1 . The stability reef-top habitats under RSLR is similarly linked reef-derived accumulation vertical accretion protective coral reefs 2 persistence these ecosystems high rates contested 3 Here we show probability inferred from palaeo-stratigraphic observations aligns with contemporary in situ survey measurements. A deficit between marsh mangrove likely at 4 mm yr −1 highly 7 RSLR. As exceed , reef islands destabilize through increased shoreline erosion wave over-topping increases. Increased global warming 1.5 °C 2.0 would double area mapped exposed by 2080 2100. With warming, nearly all world’s forests almost 40% marshes estimated be least Meeting Paris agreement targets minimize disruption ecosystems.

Language: Английский

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Hidden vulnerability of US Atlantic coast to sea-level rise due to vertical land motion

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: April 11, 2023

The vulnerability of coastal environments to sea-level rise varies spatially, particularly due local land subsidence. However, high-resolution observations and models subsidence are scarce, hindering an accurate assessment. We use satellite data from 2007 2020 create map rate at mm-level accuracy for different covers along the ~3,500 km long US Atlantic coast. Here, we show that exceeding 3 mm per year affects most areas, including wetlands, forests, agricultural developed regions. Coastal marshes represent dominant cover type coast vulnerable estimate 58 100% losing elevation relative sea level previous studies substantially underestimate marsh by not fully accounting

Language: Английский

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Sustained increase in suspended sediments near global river deltas over the past two decades

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: April 18, 2024

River sediments play a critical role in sustaining deltaic wetlands. Therefore, concerns are raised about wetlands' fate due to the decline of river sediment supply many deltas. However, dynamics and drivers suspended near coasts not comprehensively assessed, its response changes remains unclear. Here we examine patterns coastal concentration (SSC) plume area (RPA) for 349 deltas worldwide using satellite images from 2000 2020. We find global increase SSC RPA, averaging +0.46% +0.48% yr

Language: Английский

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Practical Guide to Measuring Wetland Carbon Pools and Fluxes

Wetlands, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 43(8)

Published: Nov. 28, 2023

Abstract Wetlands cover a small portion of the world, but have disproportionate influence on global carbon (C) sequestration, dioxide and methane emissions, aquatic C fluxes. However, underlying biogeochemical processes that affect wetland pools fluxes are complex dynamic, making measurements challenging. Over decades research, many observational, experimental, analytical approaches been developed to understand quantify C. Sampling range in their representation from short long timeframes local landscape spatial scales. This review summarizes common cutting-edge methodological for quantifying We first define each major provide rationale importance dynamics. For approach, we clarify what component is measured its temporal representativeness constraints. describe practical considerations such as where when an approach typically used, who can conduct (expertise, training requirements), how conducted, including equipment complexity costs. Finally, key covariates ancillary enhance interpretation findings facilitate model development. The protocols measure soil, water, vegetation, gases also relevant related disciplines ecology. Improved quality consistency data collection reporting across studies will help reduce uncertainties develop management strategies use wetlands nature-based climate solutions.

Language: Английский

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Blue carbon benefits from global saltmarsh restoration

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 29(23), P. 6517 - 6545

Published: Sept. 25, 2023

Coastal saltmarshes are found globally, yet 25%-50% reduced compared with their historical cover. Restoration is incentivised by the promise that marshes efficient storers of 'blue' carbon, although claim lacks substantiation across global contexts. We synthesised data from 431 studies to quantify benefits saltmarsh restoration carbon accumulation and greenhouse gas uptake. The results showed store approximately 1.41-2.44 Pg carbon. Restored had very low (GHG) fluxes rapid accumulation, resulting in a mean net rate 64.70 t CO2 e ha-1 year-1 . Using this estimate potential rates, we find regeneration could result 12.93-207.03 Mt per year, offsetting equivalent up 0.51% energy-related emissions-a substantial amount, considering represent <1% Earth's surface. Carbon rates GHG varied contextually temperature, rainfall dominant vegetation, eastern coasts USA Australia particular hotspots for storage. While study reveals paucity some variables continents, suggesting need further research, offset emissions clear. ability facilitate natural now rests principally on action management-policy community financial opportunities supporting restoration.

Language: Английский

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Geomorphic and ecological constraints on the coastal carbon sink

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 4(6), P. 393 - 406

Published: May 30, 2023

Language: Английский

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Global dataset of soil organic carbon in tidal marshes

Scientific Data, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 10(1)

Published: Nov. 11, 2023

Tidal marshes store large amounts of organic carbon in their soils. Field data quantifying soil (SOC) stocks provide an important resource for researchers, natural managers, and policy-makers working towards the protection, restoration, valuation these ecosystems. We collated a global dataset tidal marsh (MarSOC) from 99 studies that includes location, depth, site name, dry bulk density, SOC, and/or matter (SOM). The MarSOC 17,454 points 2,329 unique locations, 29 countries. generated general transfer function conversion SOM to SOC. Using this we estimated median (± absolute deviation) value 79.2 ± 38.1 Mg SOC ha-1 top 30 cm 231 134 1 m soils globally. This can serve as basis future work, may contribute incorporation ecosystems into climate change mitigation adaptation strategies policies.

Language: Английский

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The distribution of global tidal marshes from Earth observation data

Global Ecology and Biogeography, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 33(8)

Published: May 9, 2024

Abstract Aim Tidal marsh ecosystems are heavily impacted by human activities, highlighting a pressing need to address gaps in our knowledge of their distribution. To better understand the global distribution and changes tidal extent, identify opportunities for conservation restoration, it is critical develop spatial base occurrence. Here, we globally consistent map year 2020 at 10‐m resolution. Location Global. Time period 2020. Major taxa studied marshes. Methods location world's marshes resolution, applied random forest classification model Earth observation data from We trained with reference dataset developed support mapping coastal ecosystems, predicted between 60° N S. validated using standard accuracy assessment methods, final having an overall score 0.85. Results estimate extent be 52,880 km 2 (95% CI: 32,030 59,780 ) distributed across 120 countries territories. centred temperate Arctic regions, nearly half occurring Northern Atlantic (45%) region. At national scale, over third (18,510 ; 11,200–20,900) occurs within USA. Main conclusions Our analysis provides most detailed on date shows that occur more greater proportion coastline than previous studies. fills major gap regarding baseline needed measuring estimating value terms ecosystem services.

Language: Английский

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Delft3D model-based estuarine suspended sediment budget with morphodynamic changes of the channel-shoal complex in a mega fluvial-tidal delta

Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 18(1)

Published: Jan. 5, 2024

Reduced riverine sediment supply and sea-level rise (SLR) threaten land building ecosystem in deltas. However, the sediment-morphodynamic processes a channel-shoal complex are not well understood. Here, based on bathymetry Delft3D model, geomorphic changes suspended budgets South Passage, Nanhui Jiuduansha Shoal mega-Changjiang Delta were examined. Results reveal that with concentration (SSC) decreased by 75%, net deposition rate was reduced from 4.20 cm/yr 1979–1990 to 3.21 1990–2003, further declined 2.21 2003–2013 0.40 2013–2020. Severe erosion occurred along upper Passage extended toward mouth bar. Strong accretions accumulated Shoal. After river SSC 0.53 kg/m3 0.35 kg/m3, 0.16 0.12 lowered 3.13%, 7.35% 8.67%, respectively. Moreover, SLR of 5 cm, 15 25 50 cm resulted 1.11%, 4.18%, 4.16%, 14.79% reduction trapping efficiency. Our findings highlight strong likelihood input, SLRs intensified anthropogenic effects will exacerbate deficit mega fluvial-tidal

Language: Английский

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