Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age

Trends in Neurosciences, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 37(1), P. 1 - 9

Published: Nov. 25, 2013

•Photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) regulate behavior and physiology.•ipRGCs use melanopsin-dependent intrinsic light responses rod/cone inputs.•The relative contribution of each photoreceptor to evoked is not fully understood.•A method for quantifying presented that accounts complex photoreceptive inputs.•Guidance those designing architectural therapeutic lighting provided. Light a potent stimulus regulating circadian, hormonal, behavioral systems. In addition, therapy effective certain affective disorders, sleep problems, circadian rhythm disruption. These biological effects are influenced by distinct in the eye, melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGCs), addition conventional rods cones. We summarize neurophysiology this newly described sensory pathway consider implications measurement, production, application light. A new light-measurement strategy taking account inputs these non-visual proposed researchers, simple suggestions artificial/architectural provided regulatory authorities, manufacturers, designers, engineers. During past three decades, empirical evidence has demonstrated many aspects human physiology illumination [1Aschoff J. Biological Rhythms (Handbook Behavioral Neurobiology No. 4). Plenum, 1981Google Scholar, 2Wurtman R.J. et al.The Medical Effects Light. The New York Academy Sciences, 1985Google 3Wetterberg L. Man. Pergamon Press, 1993Google 4Lam R.W. Beyond Seasonal Affective Disorder: Treatment SAD non-SAD Disorders. American Psychiatric 1996Google Scholar]. Such originate eye but separate from other vision insofar as they unrelated particular spatial patterns exposure, can survive even some blind subjects. Consequently, types have been commonly referred non-image-forming or non-visual. catch-all terms encompass wide array response types. most influential light-induced phase resetting endogenous clocks. Because rhythmicity feature nearly every physiological, metabolic, system, phenomenon brings processes under indirect control. this, term come growing list more acute together ensure day-like physiological state. Thus, example, constricts pupil, suppresses pineal melatonin increases heart rate core body temperature, stimulates cortisol acts neurophysiological stimulant (increasing subjective objective measures alertness psychomotor reaction time, reducing lapses attention). Appreciation basic biology led development number applications. shown anti-depressant properties, particularly treatment seasonal disorder (SAD) its subclinical variant sSAD [3Wetterberg Appropriately timed exposure also developed circadian-rhythm disorders disruption associated with jetlag, shift work, space flight. Finally, explored non-seasonal depression, menstrual-cycle-related bulimia nervosa, cognitive fatigue problems senile dementia, chemotherapy, traumatic brain injury 5Tuunainen A. al.Light depression.Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2004; 2: 1-83Google 6J. Biol. Rhythms. 2005; 20: 279-386Crossref PubMed Scopus (177) Google on evolved over millennia which environmental reliable indicator time day. advent electrical disrupted relationship, now reflecting personal tastes social pressures. It important therefore incorporated into considerations design. one might ask what extent given replicates natural daylight; how could be employed minimize deleterious shiftwork while promoting safety; optimized. industry academic researchers started address [7CIE Ocular Lighting Human Physiology Behaviour. Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage, 2009Google 8IES Health: An Overview Impact Optical Radiation Visual, Circadian, Neuroendocrine Neurobehavioural Responses. Illuminating Engineering Society North America, 2008Google 9DIN Physics – Part 100: Non-visual Beings Quantities, Symbols Action Spectra. Deutsches Institut fur Normung, Progress endeavors, however, first requires appropriate quantification impacts behavior. There two broad categories measurement techniques: radiometry photometry [10DiLaura D.L. al.Lighting Handbook. Reference Application.10th ed. 2011Google Radiometry based characterizing physical properties wavelength energy. radiometer quantifies radiant power defined bandwidth electromagnetic Photometry specialized branch takes fact photoreceptors equally sensitive at all wavelengths. photometer uses filters weight detector different wavelengths according spectral sensitivity an aspect vision. Most commercially available photometers weighting function termed photopic luminous efficiency (or Vλ), reflects long- middle-wavelength-sensitive cones [11CIE l'Éclairage Proceedings, 1924, Cambridge University Press1926Google Depending geometric interest, intensity (units lumens/sr candelas, cd), luminance (cd/m2), illuminance (lm/m2 lux) determined output devices. Between 1980 2000, great majority studies endocrine, behavioral, quantified stimuli (lux) lux meters were readily inexpensive because tool choice photographic professions. Two related branches investigation since practice inadequate. First, during last decade it was discovered whereas capacity retina dominated cones, few neurons (retinal cells) directly [12Berson D.M. al.Phototransduction set clock.Science. 2002; 295: 1070-1073Crossref (2514) 13Hattar S. al.Melanopsin-containing cells: architecture, projections, photosensitivity.Science. 1065-1070Crossref (1935) achieve through expression melanopsin, opsin photopigment [14Provencio I. al.Melanopsin: melanophores, brain, eye.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1998; 95: 340-345Crossref (746) 15Provencio al.A novel inner retina.J. Neurosci. 2000; 600-605Crossref 16Lucas al.Diminished pupillary reflex high irradiances melanopsin-knockout mice.Science. 2003; 299: 245-247Crossref (660) ipRGCs comprise only small fraction total cell population (1–5%, depending species estimation), project major retinorecipient parts including [17Ecker J.L. al.Melanopsin-expressing ganglion-cell photoreceptors: cellular diversity role pattern vision.Neuron. 2010; 67: 49-60Abstract Full Text PDF (459) 18Brown T.M. al.Melanopsin contributions irradiance coding thalamo-cortical visual system.PLoS 8: e1000558Crossref (186) 19Gooley J.J. origin retinohypothalamic tract.Nat. 2001; 4: 1165Crossref (443) Specific ablation abolishes responses, identifying class principal conduits photic input systemic [20Goz D. al.Targeted destruction saporin conjugate alters mouse rhythms.PLoS ONE. 2008; 3: e3153Crossref (117) 21Guler A.D. rod-cone vision.Nature. 453: 102-105Crossref (605) 22Hatori M. al.Inducible melanopsin-expressing reveals their central non-image forming responses.PLoS e2451Crossref (212) Furthermore, detect when isolated rest retina, explaining why photosensitivity survives loss functional 23Foster R.G. al.Circadian photoreception retinally degenerate (rd/rd).J. Comp. Physiol. 1991; 169: 39-50Crossref (416) 24Freedman M.S. al.Regulation mammalian non-rod, non-cone, ocular photoreceptors.Science. 1999; 284: 502-504Crossref (639) 25Lucas 505-507Crossref (432) 26Yoshimura T. al.Differences between CBA/J mice (rd/rd) normal CBA/N (+/+).J. 1994; 9: 51-60Crossref (26) 27Keeler C.E. Iris movements mice.Am. 1927; 81: 107-112Crossref 28Czeisler C.A. al.Suppression secretion patients bright light.N. Engl. Med. 1995; 332: 6-11Crossref (523) 29Gooley play roles mediating continuous humans.J. 2012; 32: 14242-14253Crossref (144) This discovery raises possibility fairly rod- cone-based Second, observations indeed very sensitivity. Ten analytic action spectra investigations selected comparisons such humans, non-human primates, rodents revealed peak short-wavelength portion visible spectrum (from 447 484 nm) 30Brainard G. al.Action regulation humans: photoreceptor.J. 21: 6405-6412PubMed 31Thapan K. al.An suppression: non-cone system 535: 261-267Crossref (993) 32Yoshimura Ebihara Spectral phase-shifts rhythms (+/+) mice.J. 1996; 178: 797-802Crossref (118) 33Lucas R. al.Characterization capable driving constriction mice.Nat. 621-626Crossref (495) 34Hankins M.W. Lucas primary humans regulated long-term nonclassical photopigment.Curr. 12: 191-198Abstract (166) 35Hattar systems accessory functions mice.Nature. 424: 75-81Crossref (929) 36Dacey primate signal colour LGN.Nature. 433: 749-754Crossref (981) 37Gamlin P.D. al.Human macaque pupil driven cells.Vision Res. 2007; 47: 946-954Crossref (439) 38Zaidi F.H. al.Short-wavelength pupillary, awareness lacking outer retina.Curr. 17: 2122-2128Abstract (252) 39Lockley S.W. direct alertness, vigilance, waking electroencephalogram humans.Sleep. 2006; 29: 161-168PubMed 40Cajochen C. al.High melatonin, thermoregulation, short light.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 1311-1316Crossref (632) 41Gooley al.Spectral depend duration light.Sci. Transl. 31ra33Crossref (283) 42Revell V.L. al.Alerting wavelengths.Neurosci. Lett. 399: 96-100Crossref (130) 43Lockley 88: 4502-4505Crossref (588) 44Revell phase-advancing 270-272Crossref (85) 45Brainard G.C. mediated cone system.J. 86: 433-436Crossref (94) Scholar], divergent predicted Vλ (peak 555 nm). Taken together, data demonstrate established photometric function, lux, inadequate intended Unfortunately, date there no replacement. omission practical consequences. For absence suitable agreed makes difficult compare findings replicate experimental conditions. represents significant barrier relating laboratory applications, regulators predict impact regimes fundamental problem addressing need difficulty determining (equivalent Vλ) responses. To understand challenge necessary review ipRGCs. Melanopsin, ipRGCs, structurally phylogenetically closely opsins invertebrate rhabdomeric than rod [46Borges gene duplication unconstrained selective pressures melanopsin family evolution vertebrate regulation.PLoS 7: e52413Crossref (20) 47Nasi E. del Pilar Gomez Melanopsin-mediated light-sensing amphioxus: glimpse microvillar lineage within deuterostomia.Commun. Integr. 2009; 441-443Crossref (13) common rhodopsins, phototransduction cascade engaged results depolarization [48Hughes phototransduction: slowly emerging dark.Prog. Brain 199: 19-40Crossref (67) As result, irradiance-dependent increase firing quantum comparable [49Do M.T. al.Photon capture signalling cells.Nature. 457: 281-287Crossref (214) lack photopigment-concentrating organelles (such segments) maximize probability photon capture. absorbing >1 million times lower area photostimulation though ipRGC amplification much less Once threshold activation reached, scales several decimal orders remarkably persistent, being sustained long durations constant [50Wong K.Y. continuously 10 hours.J. 11478-11485Crossref (108) Although moderate irradiance, downstream responsive levels [51Lucas al.How rod, cone, enlighten clock.Prog. 1-18Crossref (126) originally thought 2500 required suppress nocturnal [52Lewy A.J. humans.Science. 1980; 210: 1267-1269Crossref (1454) later conditions, little 1 [53Glickman al.Ocular regulation: relevance breast cancer.Neuro 23: 17-22PubMed highlights system: receive (Figure 1A) . dendrites targets synaptic bipolar amacrine cells, well sites melanopsin-driven phototransduction. composite, integrated consisting (melanopsin photoreception) incoming cone-driven signals [36Dacey arrangement greatly extends range elicit explains animals genetically null continue exhibit [16Lucas 54Panda (Opn4) requirement shifting.Science. 298: 2213-2216Crossref (672) 55Ruby N.F. al.Role light.Science. 2211-2213Crossref (528) At origin, (ipRGC firing) combined influence multiple processes: mechanism itself, remote 1B). Each mechanisms detection sensitivity, expressed transmission media.(i)Rods. Rod opsin, photoreceptors, shows (λmax) approximately 500 nm species. Pre-receptoral filtering shifts towards somewhat longer standard observer (507 nm).(ii)Cones. Mammalian genomes typically contain genes encoding spectrally opsins. Humans, old world S express short-wavelength-sensitive (cyanolabe), maximally ∼420 nm; M (chlorolabe; ∼535 nm); L red-shifted (erythrolabe; ∼565 [56Stockman Sharpe L.T. sensitivities middle- long-wavelength derived measurements observers known genotype.Vision 40: 1711-1737Crossref (561) Scholar]). Other mammals chlorolabe/erythrolabe distinction, single middle spectrum. differences cyanolabe pigments. rodent retinas near-ultraviolet radiation [57Jacobs G.H. al.Retinal receptors ultraviolet light.Nature. 353: 655-657Crossref (338) pre-receptoral short- medium-wavelength (∼440 545 nm, respectively).(iii)Melanopsin. indicate similarly invariant across species, λmax 480 [58Panda al.Illumination signaling pathway.Science. 307: 600-604Crossref (394) 59Qiu X. al.Induction heterologous melanopsin.Nature. 745-749Crossref (344) 60Koyanagi al.Cephalochordate melanopsin: evolutionary linkage cells.Curr. 15: 1065-1069Abstract (187) 61Torii al.Two isoforms chicken melanopsins show blue sensitivity.FEBS 581: 5327-5331Abstract (65) 62Bailes H.J. forms pigment (λmax ∼479 supporting Gq/11 Gi/o cascades.Proc. 2013; 280: 20122987Crossref (199) potential complication estimate property vivo suggestion like invertebrates, may bistable 63Melyan Z. al.Addition renders photoresponsive.Nature. 741-745Crossref (335) 64Mure L.S. al.Melanopsin-dependent nonvisual responses: bistability vivo.J. 22: 411-424Crossref (131) Bistability affords photopigments regenerate vitamin A-derived chromophore isomerized following absorption another [65Hillman P. al.Transduction bistability.Physiol. 1983; 63: 668-772Crossref (109) regeneration event produced wavelengths, receptor. Whether whether biologically relevant remain [66Mawad Van Gelder R.N. Absence potentiation murine vitro.J. 387-391Crossref (36) 67Rollag M.D. Does consequences?.J. 396-399Crossref (15) 68Papamichael simultaneous presentation red monochromatic 27: 70-78Crossref (31) either event, factor does significantly [69Enezi 'melanopic' predicts polychromatic lights.J. 2011; 26: 314-323Crossref (178) 70Brown melanopic diverse conditions.PLoS e53583Crossref (29) thus five four case non-primates) follows down

Language: Английский

---

Melatonin—A pleiotropic, orchestrating regulator molecule

Progress in Neurobiology, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 93(3), P. 350 - 384

Published: Dec. 29, 2010

Language: Английский

---

Entrainment of the Human Circadian Clock to the Natural Light-Dark Cycle

Current Biology, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 23(16), P. 1554 - 1558

Published: Aug. 1, 2013

Language: Английский

---

Melatonin, energy metabolism, and obesity: a review

Journal of Pineal Research, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 56(4), P. 371 - 381

Published: March 21, 2014

Abstract Melatonin is an old and ubiquitous molecule in nature showing multiple mechanisms of action functions practically every living organism. In mammals, pineal melatonin as a hormone chronobiotic, playing major role the regulation circadian temporal internal order. The anti‐obesogen weight‐reducing effects depend on several actions. Experimental evidence demonstrates that necessary for proper synthesis, secretion, insulin. acts by regulating GLUT 4 expression and/or triggering, via its G‐protein‐coupled membrane receptors, phosphorylation insulin receptor intracellular substrates mobilizing insulin‐signaling pathway. powerful chronobiotic being responsible, part, daily distribution metabolic processes so activity/feeding phase day associated with high sensitivity, rest/fasting synchronized to insulin‐resistant day. Furthermore, responsible establishment adequate energy balance mainly flow from stores directly expenditure through activation brown adipose tissue participating browning process white tissue. reduction production, during aging, shift‐work or illuminated environments night, induces resistance, glucose intolerance, sleep disturbance, disorganization characterizing state chronodisruption leading obesity. available supports suggestion replacement therapy might contribute restore more healthy

Language: Английский

---

Impacts of shift work on sleep and circadian rhythms

Pathologie Biologie, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 62(5), P. 292 - 301

Published: Sept. 20, 2014

Language: Английский

---

Non-Visual Effects of Light on Melatonin, Alertness and Cognitive Performance: Can Blue-Enriched Light Keep Us Alert?

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 6(1), P. e16429 - e16429

Published: Jan. 26, 2011

Background Light exposure can cascade numerous effects on the human circadian process via non-imaging forming system, whose spectral relevance is highest in short-wavelength range. Here we investigated if commercially available compact fluorescent lamps with different colour temperatures impact alertness and cognitive performance. Methods Sixteen healthy young men were studied a balanced cross-over design light of 3 settings (compact 40 lux at 6500K 2500K incandescent 3000K) during 2 h evening. Results Exposure to induced greater melatonin suppression, together enhanced subjective alertness, well-being visual comfort. With respect performance, led significantly faster reaction times tasks associated sustained attention (Psychomotor Vigilance GO/NOGO Task), but not executive function (Paced Visual Serial Addition Task). This improvement was strongly related attenuated salivary levels, particularly for condition 6500K. Conclusions Our findings suggest that sensitivity alerting response polychromatic levels as low lux, blue-shifted relative three-cone photopic system. Thus, selection lights impacts physiology performance home workplace.

Language: Английский

---

Exposure to Room Light before Bedtime Suppresses Melatonin Onset and Shortens Melatonin Duration in Humans

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 96(3), P. E463 - E472

Published: Dec. 30, 2010

Millions of individuals habitually expose themselves to room light in the hours before bedtime, yet effects this behavior on melatonin signaling are not well recognized. We tested hypothesis that exposure late evening suppresses onset synthesis and shortens duration production. In a retrospective analysis, we compared daily profiles living (<200 lux) vs. dim (<3 lux). Healthy volunteers (n = 116, 18–30 yr) were recruited from general population participate one two studies. Participants lived General Clinical Research Center for at least five consecutive days. Individuals exposed or 8 h preceding bedtime. Melatonin duration, offset, suppression, phase angle entrainment determined. Compared with light, bedtime suppressed melatonin, resulting later 99.0% shortening by about 90 min. Also, during usual sleep greater than 50% most (85%) trials. These findings indicate exerts profound suppressive effect levels body's internal representation night duration. Hence, chronically exposing oneself electrical lighting disrupts could therefore potentially impact sleep, thermoregulation, blood pressure, glucose homeostasis.

Language: Английский

---

Effects of light on human circadian rhythms, sleep and mood

Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 23(3), P. 147 - 156

Published: Aug. 20, 2019

Humans live in a 24-hour environment, which light and darkness follow diurnal pattern. Our circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) hypothalamus, is entrained to solar day via pathway from retina synchronises our internal biological rhythms. Rhythmic variations ambient illumination impact behaviours such as rest during sleep activity wakefulness well their underlying processes. Rather recently, availability of artificial has substantially changed especially evening night hours. This may increase risk developing rhythm sleep-wake disorders (CRSWD), are often caused by misalignment endogenous rhythms external light-dark cycles. While exact relationship between CRSWD remains be established, nocturnal been shown alter humans. On other hand, can also used an effective noninvasive therapeutic option with little no side effects, improve sleep,mood general well-being. article reviews current state knowledge regarding effects on rhythms, sleep, mood.

Language: Английский

---

Melatonin, the circadian multioscillator system and health: the need for detailed analyses of peripheral melatonin signaling

Journal of Pineal Research, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 52(2), P. 139 - 166

Published: Sept. 28, 2011

Evidence is accumulating regarding the importance of circadian core oscillators, several associated factors, and melatonin signaling in maintenance health. Dysfunction endogenous clocks, receptor polymorphisms, age- disease-associated declines likely contribute to numerous diseases including cancer, metabolic syndrome, diabetes type 2, hypertension, mood cognitive disorders. Consequences gene silencing, overexpression, deviant expression levels are summarized. The system a complex network central peripheral some them being relatively independent pacemaker, suprachiasmatic nucleus. Actions on oscillators poorly understood. Various lines evidence indicate that these clocks also influenced or phase-reset by melatonin. This includes phase differences oscillator under impaired signaling, effects knockouts mRNAs proteins. Cross-connections between pathways proteins, discussed this review. high complexity multioscillator comprises alternate parallel based orthologs paralogs components number factors with varying tissue-specific importance, which offers possibilities for interactions It an aim review stimulate research tissues. should not be restricted primary signal molecules but rather include various secondarily connected discriminate direct pineal indoleamine at target organ others mediated modulation oscillators.

Language: Английский

---

Effects of blue light on the circadian system and eye physiology

Molecular vision, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 22, P. 61 - 72

Published: Jan. 1, 2016

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been used to provide illumination in industrial and commercial environments. LEDs are also TVs, computers, smart phones, tablets. Although the light emitted by most appears white, peak emission blue range (400-490 nm). The accumulating experimental evidence has indicated that exposure can affect many physiologic functions, it be treat circadian sleep dysfunctions. However, induce photoreceptor damage. Thus, is important consider spectral output of LED-based sources minimize danger may associated with exposure. In this review, we summarize current knowledge effects on regulation functions possible ocular health.

Language: Английский

---