Microbial Pigments: Major Groups and Industrial Applications

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(12), P. 2920 - 2920

Published: Dec. 4, 2023

Microbial pigments have many structures and functions with excellent characteristics, such as being biodegradable, non-toxic, ecologically friendly, constituting an important source of pigments. Industrial production presents a bottleneck in cost that restricts large-scale commercialization. However, microbial are progressively gaining popularity because their health advantages. The development metabolic engineering reduction the bioprocess using industry by-products opened possibilities for quality improvements all phases. We thus addressing several points related to pigments, including major classes found, advantages use, biotechnological applications different industrial sectors, impacts on environment society.

Language: Английский

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New colours for old in the blue-cheese fungus Penicillium roqueforti

npj Science of Food, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: Jan. 8, 2024

Abstract Penicillium roqueforti is used worldwide in the production of blue-veined cheese. The blue-green colour derives from pigmented spores formed by fungal growth. Using a combination bioinformatics, targeted gene deletions, and heterologous expression we discovered that pigment formation was due to DHN-melanin biosynthesis pathway. Systematic deletion pathway genes altered arising spore colour, yielding white yellow-green red-pink-brown phenotypes, demonstrating potential generate new coloured strains. There no consistent impact on mycophenolic acid as result interruption although levels roquefortine C were some deletants. Importantly, methyl-ketones associated with blue-cheese flavour not impacted. UV-induced mutants, allowed food production, then generated. A range colours obtained certain phenotypes successfully mapped mutations. Selected mutants subsequently cheese generated expected colourations elevated mycotoxins, offering exciting prospect use future manufacture.

Language: Английский

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Complexity of fungal polyketide biosynthesis and function

Molecular Microbiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 121(1), P. 18 - 25

Published: Nov. 13, 2023

Abstract Where does one draw the line between primary and secondary metabolism? The answer depends on perspective. Microbial metabolites (SMs) were at first believed not to be very important for producers because they are dispensable growth under laboratory conditions. However, such compounds become in natural niches of organisms, some prime importance humanity. Polyketides an group SMs with aflatoxin as a well‐known well‐characterized example. In Aspergillus spp., all 34 afl genes encoding enzymes biosynthesis located close vicinity chromosome III so‐called gene cluster. This led assumption that most required polyketide organized clusters. Recent research, however, revealed enormous complexity different polyketides, ranging from individual synthases cluster producing several compounds, or clusters additional scattered genome production compound. Research last decade furthermore huge potential SM hidden fungal genomes, methods developed wake up sleeping genes. analysis organismic interactions starts reveal ecological functions polyketides fungi.

Language: Английский

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Characterizing phenotype variants of Cercosporidium personatum, causal agent of peanut late leaf spot disease, their morphology, genetics and metabolites

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: Jan. 9, 2025

Abstract Cercosporidium personatum (CP) causes peanut late leaf spot (LLS) disease with 70% yield losses unless controlled by fungicides. CP grows slowly in culture, exhibiting variable phenotypes. To explain those variations, we analyzed the morphology, genomes, transcriptomes and chemical composition of three morphotypes, herein called RED, TAN, BROWN. We characterized, for first time CP, anthraquinone (AQ) precursors dothistromin (DOT), including averantin, averufin, norsolorinic acid, versicolorin B, A, nidurufin averufanin. BROWN had highest AQ melanin (15 mg/g DW) contents. RED ergosterol (855 µM FW) chitin (beta-glucans, 4% TAN higher resistance to xenobiotics ( p ≤ 1.0E-3), chlorothalonil, tebuconazole caffeine, compared NRRL 64,463. In BROWN, rates single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) (1.4–1.7 nt/kb) amino acid changes (3k-4k) were than Differential gene expression 1.0E-5) was observed 47 pathogenicity/virulence genes, 41 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), 23 pigment/mycotoxin biosynthesis genes. describe MAT1 locus, a method evaluate CP-xenobiotic 5 days. Chemical profiles indicate each morphotype could trigger different immune response plants, probably hindering development durable LLS resistance.

Language: Английский

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Expression of a Colletotrichum polyketide synthase gene in Aspergillus nidulans leads to unexpected conjugates with a host metabolite

Archives of Microbiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 207(3)

Published: Feb. 6, 2025

Abstract Heterologous expression of the putative 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene synthase gene ChPKS from Colletotrichum higginsianum in Aspergillus nidulans led to formation at least eight new compounds. LC-MS analysis proved them as coupling products with an intermediate cichorine biosynthetic pathway. Comprehensive NMR confirmed structures two predominant higginidulans A and B. Deletion backbone pathway host strain abolished higginidulans. alternative Penicillium crustosum resulted expected product 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene, which was by acetylation structural elucidation. This study provides additional example unexpected natural crosstalk pathways derived different species. Moreover, it highlights importance using systems for expression.

Language: Английский

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Melanin synthesis gene Aapks contributes to appressorium formation, stress response, cell well integrity and virulence in Alternaria alternata

Postharvest Biology and Technology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 198, P. 112247 - 112247

Published: Jan. 6, 2023

Language: Английский

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Aspergillus niger as a cell factory for the production of pyomelanin, a molecule with UV-C radiation shielding activity

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: July 20, 2023

Melanins are complex pigments with various biological functions and potential applications in space exploration biomedicine due to their radioprotective properties. Aspergillus niger, a fungus known for its high radiation resistance, is widely used biotechnology candidate melanin production. In this study, we investigated the production of fungal pyomelanin (Pyo Fun ) A. niger by inducing overproduction pigment using L-tyrosine recombinant Δ hmgA mutant strain (OS4.3). The Pyo was characterized three spectroscopic methods, antioxidant properties were assessed DPPH-assay. Additionally, evaluated protective effect against non-ionizing (monochromatic UV-C) compared efficacy synthetically produced control Syn ). results confirmed successful through inducible overproduction. Characterization methods presence , DPPH-assay demonstrated strong Moreover, exhibited highly radiation-induced stress, surpassing protection provided . findings study suggest that has significant as shield harmful radiation. Notably, synthesized extracellularly, differing it from other melanins (such L-DOPA- or DHN-melanin) require cell lysis purification. This characteristic makes valuable resource biotechnology, biomedicine, industry. However, further research needed evaluate dried form ionizing

Language: Английский

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The spatial organization of sphingofungin biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus and its cross-interaction with sphingolipid metabolism

mBio, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(3)

Published: Feb. 21, 2024

Sphingofungins are sphinganine analog mycotoxins acting as inhibitors of serine palmitoyl transferases, enzymes responsible for the first step in sphingolipid biosynthesis. Eukaryotic cells highly organized with various structures and organelles to facilitate cellular processes chemical reactions, including ones occurring part secondary metabolism. We studied how sphingofungin biosynthesis is compartmentalized human-pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, we observed that it takes place endoplasmic reticulum (ER), ER-derived vesicles, cytosol. This implies colocalize some extent. Automated analysis confocal microscopy images confirmed colocalization fluorescent proteins. Moreover, demonstrated cluster-associated aminotransferase (SphA) 3-ketoreductase (SphF) play a bifunctional role, supporting biosynthesis, thereby antagonizing toxic effects caused by production.IMPORTANCEA balanced homeostasis critical proper functioning eukaryotic cells. To this end, have therapeutic potential against diseases related deregulation balance. In addition, them significant antifungal activity, suggesting inhibitors-producing fungi evolved mechanisms escape self-poisoning. Here, propose novel self-defense mechanism, genes coding dual being involved both production.

Language: Английский

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Melanized root-associated fungi: key players in plant–soil systems

Trends in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 1, 2024

Melanized root-associated fungi are a group of that produce melanized structures and form root associations, including different mycorrhizal endophytic symbioses with plants. They pervasive across terrestrial ecosystems play an important role in the prevailing soil carbon (C) nutrient cycling syndromes through direct indirect mechanisms, where they may strongly modulate plant–microbe interactions structure microbiomes. Furthermore, can confer on plants enhanced ability to tolerate abiotic biotic stressors such as drought, extreme temperatures, heavy metals, pathogen attacks. We propose cohesive ecologically relevant grouping be indicator plant–soil system functioning, considering them will advance research interactions.

Language: Английский

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Routine LC-MS/MS method for quantifying Alternaria toxins in tomatoes at harvest stage and during processing

Food Additives & Contaminants Part A, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 12

Published: May 7, 2025

A high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated to quantify alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, tenuazonic acid, altenuene, altertoxin I, tentoxin, implemented better understand the risks associated with Alternaria contamination of tomatoes fate toxins during processing. This for routine use, by reducing cost, duration, complexity manipulations. Limits quantification were below EU recommendations 2022/553, reaching 1.2-3.7 µg kg-1 ether 9.4-18.4 acid depending on matrix. Apparent recovery ranged between 85 103%, intraday repeatability was <15%. Different strains isolated from assessed their toxin production profiles, impact processing operations naturally occurring in evaluated a pilot scale. Tenuazonic predominant produced contaminating tomatoes. Processing did not reduce accumulation, which demonstrates its thermostability. Additionally, tomato skin seeds residues, are reused different applications, 2.6 times more contaminated than pulp.

Language: Английский

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