medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Sept. 18, 2020
Abstract
Background
It
is
not
known
whether
SARS-CoV-2
can
be
transmitted
from
mother
to
infant
during
breastfeeding,
and
if
so
the
benefits
of
breastfeeding
outweigh
this
risk.
This
study
was
designed
evaluate
1)
RNA
detected
in
milk
on
breast
infected
women,
2)
concentrations
milk-borne
anti-SARS-CoV-2
antibodies,
3)
capacity
neutralize
infectivity.
Methods
We
collected
37
samples
70
swabs
(before
after
washing)
18
women
recently
diagnosed
with
COVID-19.
Samples
were
analyzed
for
using
RT-qPCR.
Milk
also
IgA
IgG
specific
nucleocapsid
protein,
receptor
binding
domain
(RBD),
S2
subunit
spike
protein
SARS-CoV-2,
as
well
2
seasonal
coronaviruses
ELISA;
its
ability
SARS-CoV-2.
Results
did
detect
any
sample.
In
contrast,
several
swabs,
although
only
one
considered
conclusive.
All
contained
SARS-CoV-2-specific
IgG,
levels
anti-RBD
correlated
neutralization.
Strong
correlations
between
noted.
Conclusions
Our
data
do
support
maternal-to-child
transmission
via
milk;
however,
risk
skin
should
further
evaluated.
Importantly,
produced
by
mothers
a
source
neutralizes
activity.
These
results
recommendations
continue
mild-to-moderate
maternal
COVID-19
illness.
Science,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
370(6522), P. 1339 - 1343
Published: Nov. 6, 2020
Zoonotic
introduction
of
novel
coronaviruses
may
encounter
preexisting
immunity
in
humans.
Using
diverse
assays
for
antibodies
recognizing
SARS-CoV-2
proteins,
we
detected
humoral
immunity.
spike
glycoprotein
(S)-reactive
were
detectable
using
a
flow
cytometry-based
method
SARS-CoV-2-uninfected
individuals
and
particularly
prevalent
children
adolescents.
They
predominantly
the
immunoglobulin
G
(IgG)
class
targeted
S2
subunit.
By
contrast,
infection
induced
higher
titers
S-reactive
IgG
targeting
both
S1
subunits,
concomitant
IgM
IgA
antibodies,
lasting
throughout
observation
period.
donor
sera
exhibited
specific
neutralizing
activity
against
S
pseudotypes.
Distinguishing
de
novo
will
be
critical
our
understanding
susceptibility
to
natural
course
infection.
Science,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
374(6572)
Published: Oct. 15, 2021
Immune
memory
after
vaccination
Vaccination
against
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus
2
(SARS-CoV-2)
has
proven
highly
effective
at
preventing
COVID-19.
However,
the
evolution
of
viral
variants,
and
waning
antibody
levels
over
time,
raise
questions
regarding
longevity
vaccine-induced
immune
protection.
Goel
et
al
.
examined
B
T
lymphocyte
responses
in
individuals
who
received
SARS-CoV-2
messenger
RNA
vaccines.
They
performed
a
6-month
longitudinal
study
never
had
infection
compared
with
people
recovered
from
SARS-CoV-2.
Humoral
cellular
was
observed
vaccinated
individuals,
as
were
functional
Alpha
(B.1.1.7),
Beta
(B.1.351),
Delta
(B.1.617.2)
variants.
Analysis
cell
activity
suggested
that
robust
may
prevent
hospitalization
by
limiting
development
disease.
—PNK
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
7(1)
Published: May 3, 2022
Abstract
With
the
constantly
mutating
of
SARS-CoV-2
and
emergence
Variants
Concern
(VOC),
implementation
vaccination
is
critically
important.
Existing
vaccines
mainly
include
inactivated,
live
attenuated,
viral
vector,
protein
subunit,
RNA,
DNA,
virus-like
particle
(VLP)
vaccines.
Viral
vector
vaccines,
subunit
mRNA
may
induce
additional
cellular
or
humoral
immune
regulations,
including
Th
cell
responses
germinal
center
responses,
form
relevant
memory
cells,
greatly
improving
their
efficiency.
However,
some
be
associated
with
complications
like
thrombocytopenia
myocarditis,
raising
concerns
about
safety
these
COVID-19
Here,
we
systemically
assess
efficacy
possible
different
effects
on
pregnant
women,
elderly,
people
diseases
acquired
immunodeficiency
syndrome
(AIDS),
transplant
recipients,
cancer
patients.
Based
current
analysis,
governments
agencies
are
recommended
to
continue
advance
vaccine
immunization
process.
Simultaneously,
special
attention
should
paid
health
status
timely
treatment
complications,
development,
ensuring
lives
In
addition,
available
measures
such
as
mix-and-match
vaccination,
developing
new
nanoparticle
optimizing
adjuvant
improve
could
considered.
Whether
mother-to-infant
SARS-CoV-2
transmission
can
occur
during
breastfeeding
and,
if
so,
whether
the
benefits
of
outweigh
this
risk
maternal
COVID-19
illness
remain
important
questions.
Using
RT-qPCR,
we
did
not
detect
RNA
in
any
milk
sample
(
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
11
Published: Dec. 18, 2020
In
December
2019,
the
novel
betacoronavirus
Severe
Acute
Respiratory
Disease
Coronavirus
2
(SARS-CoV-2)
was
first
detected
in
Wuhan,
China.
SARS-CoV-2
has
since
become
a
pandemic
virus
resulting
hundreds
of
thousands
deaths
and
deep
socioeconomic
implications
worldwide.
recent
months,
efforts
have
been
directed
towards
detecting,
tracking,
better
understanding
human
humoral
responses
to
infection.
It
critical
develop
robust
reliable
serological
assays
characterize
abundance,
neutralization
efficiency,
duration
antibodies
virus-exposed
individuals.
Here
we
review
latest
knowledge
on
immune
infection,
along
with
benefits
limitations
currently
available
commercial
laboratory-based
assays.
We
also
highlight
important
considerations,
such
as
antibody
expression
levels,
stability
dynamics,
well
cross-reactivity
possible
immunological
back-boosting
by
seasonal
coronaviruses.
The
ability
accurately
detect,
measure
various
specific
is
necessary
for
vaccine
development,
manage
risk
exposure
healthcare
at-risk
workers,
monitoring
reinfections
genetic
variants
new
strains
virus.
Having
thorough
cautions
standardized
testing
at
community
level
remains
critically
design
implementation
future
vaccination
campaigns,
epidemiological
models
immunity,
public
health
measures
that
rely
heavily
up-to-date
transmission
dynamics.
