Estimating the time of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza virus introduction into United States poultry flocks during the 2022/24 epizootic DOI Creative Commons
Amos Ssematimba, Sasidhar Malladi, Peter J. Bonney

et al.

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 19(12), P. e0310733 - e0310733

Published: Dec. 13, 2024

Following confirmation of the first case ongoing U.S. HPAI H5N1 epizootic in commercial poultry on February 8, 2022, virus has continued to devastate sector and pathogen since managed cross over livestock a few human cases have also been reported. Efficient outbreak management benefits greatly from timely detection proper identification pathways introduction spread. In this study, we used changes mortality rates as proxy for incidence layer, broiler turkey flock together with diagnostic test results infer within-flock transmission dynamics. Mathematical modeling techniques, specifically Approximate Bayesian Computation algorithm conjunction stochastic model were analysis. The time window into (TOI) adequate contact rate (ACR) estimated. Then, using estimated TOI day when positive sample was collected flock, calculated most likely (MTFPS) which reflects detection. joint (i.e., all species combined) median MTFPS different flocks six days, ACR 6.8 newly infected birds per infectious bird day, R 0 13 number days two. These grouped by epidemic phase discussed accordingly. We conclude that findings other related studies are beneficial stakeholders management. recommend combining analysis complementary approaches such phylogenetic analyses is critically important improved understanding disease pathways. parameters can be parametrize mathematical models guide design surveillance protocols, risk spread, emergency preparedness outbreaks.

Language: Английский

Wild bird mass mortalities in eastern Canada associated with the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) virus, 2022 DOI Creative Commons
Stephanie Avery‐Gomm, Tatsiana Barychka, Matthew D. English

et al.

Ecosphere, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(9)

Published: Sept. 1, 2024

Abstract In 2022, a severe outbreak of disease caused by clade 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus resulted in unprecedented mortality among wild birds eastern Canada. Tens thousands were reported sick or dead, prompting comprehensive assessment spanning the breeding season between April 1 and September 30, 2022. Mortality reports collated from federal, Indigenous, provincial, municipal agencies, Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, other nongovernmental organizations, universities, citizen science platforms. A scenario analysis was conducted to refine estimates, accounting for potential double counts multiple sources under range spatial temporal overlaps. Correcting counting, HPAI is estimated have 40,391 bird mortalities Canada during spring summer 2022; however, this figure underestimates total as it excludes unreported deaths on land at sea. Seabirds sea ducks, long‐lived species that are slow recover perturbations, accounted 98.7% mortalities. Our study provides estimates mortality, with Northern Gannets ( Morus bassanus ; 25,669), Common Murres Uria aalge 8133), American Eiders Somateria mollissima dresseri 1894) exhibiting highest figures. We then compare these recent population trends make an initial whether biologically meaningful population‐level impacts possible. Specifically, we focus Gannet, has suffered significant global two harvested species, Murre Eider, inform management decisions. suggests possible Eiders, but unlikely Murres. This demonstrates approach assessing underscores urgent need further research understand broader ecological ramifications populations.

Language: Английский

Citations

8
Avian influenza virus circulation and immunity in a wild urban duck population prior to and during a highly pathogenic H5N1 outbreak DOI Creative Commons
Jordan Wight, Ishraq Rahman, Hannah L. Wallace

et al.

Veterinary Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 55(1)

Published: Nov. 22, 2024

Abstract Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses were first detected in St. John’s, Canada late 2021. To investigate the patterns of virus (AIV) infection and immune responses subsequent to arrival H5N1, we sampled wild urban duck population this area for a period 16 months after start outbreak compared these findings those from archived samples. Antibody seroprevalence was relatively stable before (2011–2014) at 27.6% 3.9% anti-AIV (i.e., NP) H5-specific antibodies, respectively. During winter 2022, AIV-NP antibody both reached 100%, signifying population-wide event, which observed again February 2023 following second incursion Eurasia. As expected, population-level immunity waned over time, with ducks seropositive anti-AIV-NP antibodies approximately twice as long seronegative latter six months. We clear relationship increasing levels decreasing viral RNA loads that allowed interpretation course response infected individuals applied two cases resampled infer history. Our study highlights value applying AIV surveillance monitoring provide better understanding dynamics populations, may be crucial global dissemination H5Nx subtypes assess threats they pose domestic animals, humans.

Language: Английский

Citations

5
Bait trapping of waterfowl increases the environmental contamination of avian influenza virus (AIV) DOI Creative Commons
Cassandra L. Andrew, Landon McPhee, Kevin S. Kuchinski

et al.

Journal of Wildlife Management, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 3, 2025

Abstract Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b has circulated in North America since late 2021, resulting higher rates of morbidity and mortality wild birds than observed this region before. The objective study was to determine whether baiting, which is widely conducted Canada the United States as part waterfowl management practices (e.g., duck banding), influences occurrence (AIV) wetlands. We used a quasi‐experimental design, collecting superficial sediment samples ( n = 336) fecal 242) from paired baited (treatment) non‐baited (control) sites at 2 wetlands Saskatchewan, Canada, between August September 2022. visited sampling 3 times during period: prior commencement baiting activities t0 ), approximately 14 days after t1 24 t2 ). screened for AIV using real‐time reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT‐PCR) targeting matrix gene subjected PCR‐positive next‐generation sequencing. mixed‐effects logistic regression model estimate effect on odds positivity samples, while controlling clustering by wetland. At control sites, we did not detect evidence difference detection or versus ; however, were 5.43 (95% CI 1.99, 14.79) 8.73 3.29, 23.18) . detected HPAIV H5N1 1 treatment site following baiting. There also trend towards increased diversity sites; there insufficient power if these findings statistically significant. Overall, our results indicate that associated with localized increases environmental contamination, potentially creating concentrated areas accumulation. As such, wetland may pose risk wildlife population health through propagation those environments efforts replace, refine, reduce activity be warranted depending local ecosystem contexts cost‐benefit analyses.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
The True Extent of Avian Influenza Virus Infections: Knowns and Unknowns DOI
Hannah L. Wallace

Viral Immunology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 14, 2025

Language: Английский

Citations

0
An accurate and efficient semiautomated approach to counting birds: Estimating Northern Gannet colony size in Canada DOI Creative Commons
Jacob Walker, Trevor S. Avery,

Francis St‐Pierre

et al.

Ecosphere, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16(2)

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Abstract Improving the efficiency of population monitoring and conservation programs is beneficial, so long as accuracy information collected not diminished. The need to expeditiously estimate size seabird colonies especially acute during mass mortality events when aerial surveys can provide quickly on extent effects total mortality. In 2022, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus caused outbreaks at most Northern Gannet Morus bassanus worldwide, killing tens thousands gannets in eastern Canada. this study, we evaluated a semiautomated method using free software CountEm for counting nests by reanalyzing 13 years photographs from past (2009–2020 2022). program uses geometric sampling which overlays grid quadrats onto user counts objects interest. We developed protocol that generated estimates are accurate enough support management objectives (i.e., within 2%–5% manual counts) outline additional ways improve accuracy. Additionally, was 1100% more efficient than manually based time. Since relies human identification be counted, our methods, results, conclusions transferable any taxa form large aggregations identified counted photographs.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Examining avian influenza virus exposure in seabirds of the northwest Atlantic in 2022 and 2023 via antibodies in eggs DOI Creative Commons
Angela McLaughlin, Jolene A. Giacinti,

Sailendra Nath Sarma

et al.

Conservation Physiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Abstract Seabirds are frequently infected by avian influenza virus (AIV), which prior to 2021 primarily consisted of low-pathogenic AIV with limited reports disease during infection. However, since highly pathogenic (HPAIV) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b was introduced North America in late 2021, HPAIV outbreaks seabirds have occurred multiple regions, high levels morbidity and mortality many species. While monitoring active viral infections is critical for tracking burden, exposure via antibody detection species that experienced large important identifying individual- population-level impacts on immunity survival. We capitalized ongoing egg collection programmes assess the prevalence antibodies against nucleoprotein (NP) hemagglutinin subtype 5 (H5) 523 eggs collected 2022 2023 from 11 seabird breed northwestern Atlantic, including samples eastern Canada two western Iceland. The varied across years. American common eider (Somateria mollissima dresseri) had highest compared sympatric 2023. Longitudinal were available northern gannets (Morus bassanus) herring gulls (Larus argentatus smithsoniansus) at several sites, where anti-NP anti-H5 increased Examining can be a useful tool investigate exposure, while we acknowledge our understanding differential waning rates relationship between titre susceptibility.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Dairy cows develop protective immunity against reinfection with bovine H5N1 influenza virus DOI Creative Commons
Antonio Facciuolo, Lauren Aubrey,

Ulises Barron-Castillo

et al.

Nature Microbiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 17, 2025

Infection of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in dairy cows causes severe mastitis and milk production losses. Whether can develop protective immunity is unclear. Here we infected three lactating with HPAI genotype B3.13 via the hindquarters udder to mimic intra-mammary infection. Inoculated displayed clinical responses consistent affected herds United States including virus shedding almost exclusively inoculated that peaked between Days 2-4 post inoculation gradually declined by Day 21. Histologically, peak corresponded acute necrotic but not uninoculated forequarters. Two were reinfected at unaffected forequarters following resolution Secondary did result manifestations or milk. Virus-neutralizing antibodies detected 14 higher titres observed relative We also viral RNA air samples from animal rooms during routine husbandry activity. These data indicate primary infection generate against bovine cows.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Molecular and ecological determinants of mammalian adaptability in avian influenza virus DOI
Muzamil Ahmad Rather,

Amreena Hassan,

M. Javad Aman

et al.

Infection, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 21, 2025

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Comparative Mutational Analysis and the Glycosylation Patterns of a Peruvian Isolated Avian Influenza A Virus H5N1: Exploring Possible Viral Spillover Events Within One Health Approach DOI Creative Commons

Sandra Landazabal-Castillo,

Lucero Alva-Alvarez,

Dilan Suárez-Agüero

et al.

Veterinary Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 12(4), P. 392 - 392

Published: April 21, 2025

(1) Background: The ongoing panzootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b, has decimated wild/domestic birds and mammals’ populations worldwide with reports sporadic cases in humans. (2) Methods: This study aimed to compare the mutational profile H5N1 Influenza isolated from a Peruvian natural reserve, recent data other related international studies made human different species domestic wild mammals. Briefly, near complete protein sequences coming Calidris alba were analyzed at multisegmented level, together 55 samples collected between 2022 2024 countries. Moreover, glycosylation patterns also predicted silico. (3) Results: A total 603 amino acid changes found among viruses analyzed, underscoring detection critical mutations HA:11I, HA:211I, HA:336T, HA:492D, HA:527I, NA:10T, NA:269L, NA:405T, NP:377N, PA:57R, PA:68S, PA:322V/L, PA:432I, PB2:539V, PB1:207R, PB1:375N, PB1:264D, PB1:429R, PA-X:250Q, PB1-F2:65R, PB1-F2:42Y, as well PA:13V, PA-X:13V, PA20T, PA-X:20T, PA:36T PA-X:36T, PA:45S, PA-X:45S, PA:57Q, PA-X:57Q, PA:61I, PA-X:61I, PA-X:68S, PA:70V, PA-X:70V, PA:75Q, PA-X:75Q, PA:85T, PA-X:85T, PA:86I, PA-X:86I, PA:100I, PA-X:100I, PA:142E, PA-X:142E, PA:160E, PA-X:160E, PA:211I, PA-X:211Y, others, considered importance under One Health perspective. Similarly, N-linked sites (NLGs) both HA NA proteins found, highlighting loss/acquisition or some NLGs, such 209NNTN, 100 NPTT, 302NSSM (HA) 70NNTN, 68NISS, 50NGSV (NA). (4) Conclusions: provides our understanding about evolution current HPAIV circulating globally. These findings outline surveillance updating profiles these evolved viruses.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Transmission dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus at the wildlife-poultry-environmental interface: A case study DOI Creative Commons
Jolene A. Giacinti, Madeline Jarvis‐Cross, Hannah M. Lewis

et al.

One Health, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 19, P. 100932 - 100932

Published: Nov. 12, 2024

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) regularly circulate between wild and domestic bird populations. Following several high-profile outbreaks, highly pathogenic AIVs (HPAIV) with zoonotic potential have been the subject of increasing attention. While we know that HPAIV is transmitted birds, wildlife, environment, little known about persistence spillover/back at these interfaces. We integrated test results samples collected on around an infected poultry premise (IP) where H5N1 was confirmed in a flock 2022 Southern Ontario, Canada to explore transmission cycle wildlife environment. sampled captive Mallards (

Language: Английский

Citations

3