IntechOpen eBooks,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Oct. 21, 2022
Paraplegia
-
New
Insights
reviews
different
and
complementary
aspects
of
one
the
most
common
catastrophic
conditions.
The
book,
edited
organized
into
five
chapters,
covers
interesting
frequently
encountered
scientific
material
on
spinal
cord
injury
paraplegia.
It
is
hoped
that
readers
will
not
only
find
answers
to
some
their
questions
but
also
gain
a
detailed
understanding
paraplegia
holistic
approaches
its
treatment.
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
8(1)
Published: June 26, 2023
Abstract
Spinal
cord
injury
(SCI)
remains
a
severe
condition
with
an
extremely
high
disability
rate.
The
challenges
of
SCI
repair
include
its
complex
pathological
mechanisms
and
the
difficulties
neural
regeneration
in
central
nervous
system.
In
past
few
decades,
researchers
have
attempted
to
completely
elucidate
mechanism
identify
effective
strategies
promote
axon
circuit
remodeling,
but
results
not
been
ideal.
Recently,
new
SCI,
especially
interactions
between
immune
cell
responses,
revealed
by
single-cell
sequencing
spatial
transcriptome
analysis.
With
development
bioactive
materials
stem
cells,
more
attention
has
focused
on
forming
intermediate
networks
reconstruction
than
promoting
axonal
corticospinal
tract.
Furthermore,
technologies
control
physical
parameters
such
as
electricity,
magnetism
ultrasound
constantly
innovated
applied
fate
regulation.
Among
these
advanced
novel
technologies,
therapy,
biomaterial
transplantation,
electromagnetic
stimulation
entered
into
stage
clinical
trials,
some
them
already
treatment.
this
review,
we
outline
overall
epidemiology
pathophysiology
expound
latest
research
progress
related
detail,
propose
future
directions
for
applications.
Cell Reports Medicine,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
4(2), P. 100946 - 100946
Published: Feb. 1, 2023
Spinal
cord
injury
(SCI)
results
in
a
disruption
of
information
between
the
brain
and
spinal
circuit.
Electrical
stimulation
mesencephalic
locomotor
region
(MLR)
can
promote
recovery
acute
chronic
SCI
rodent
models.
Although
clinical
trials
are
currently
under
way,
there
is
still
debate
about
organization
this
supraspinal
center
which
anatomic
correlate
MLR
should
be
targeted
to
recovery.
Combining
kinematics,
electromyographic
recordings,
analysis,
mouse
genetics,
our
study
reveals
that
glutamatergic
neurons
cuneiform
nucleus
contribute
by
enhancing
motor
efficacy
hindlimb
muscles,
increasing
rhythm
speed
on
treadmill,
over
ground,
during
swimming
mice.
In
contrast,
pedunculopontine
slow
down
locomotion.
Therefore,
identifies
its
as
therapeutical
target
improve
patients
living
with
SCI.
Brain,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
145(10), P. 3681 - 3697
Published: May 18, 2022
Abstract
Severe
spinal
cord
injuries
result
in
permanent
paraparesis
spite
of
the
frequent
sparing
small
portions
white
matter.
Spared
fibre
tracts
are
often
incapable
maintaining
and
modulating
activity
lower
motor
centres.
Effects
rehabilitative
training
thus
remain
limited.
Here,
we
activated
spared
descending
brainstem
fibres
by
electrical
deep
brain
stimulation
cuneiform
nucleus
mesencephalic
locomotor
region,
main
control
centre
for
locomotion
brainstem,
adult
female
Lewis
rats.
We
show
that
enhances
weak
remaining
drive
highly
paraparetic
rats
with
severe,
incomplete
enables
high-intensity
training.
Stimulation
during
aquatraining
after
subchronic
(n
=
8
stimulated
versus
n
7
unstimulated
untrained
rats)
chronic
14
9
injury
re-established
substantial
improved
long-term
recovery
function.
additionally
identified
a
safety
window
parameters
ensuring
context-specific
intact
18)
illustrate
importance
timing
treatment
initiation
14).
This
study
highlights
as
promising
therapeutic
strategy
to
enhance
direct
clinical
applicability.
Biomedicines,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
13(3), P. 631 - 631
Published: March 5, 2025
Background/Objectives:
Spinal
cord
injury
(SCI)
presents
significant
challenges
in
restoring
motor
function,
with
limited
therapeutic
options
available.
Recent
advancements
neuromodulation
technologies,
such
as
brain-spine
interface
(BSI),
epidural
electrical
stimulation
(EES),
and
deep
brain
(DBS),
offer
promising
solutions.
This
review
article
explores
the
integration
of
these
approaches,
focusing
on
their
potential
to
restore
function
SCI
patients.
Findings:
DBS
has
shown
efficacy
treatment
several
sites
identified,
including
nucleus
raphe
magnus
(NRM)
periaqueductal
gray
(PAG).
However,
transitioning
from
animal
human
studies
highlights
challenges,
technical
risks
targeting
NRM
humans
instead
rodent
models.
Additionally,
other
regions
have
for
rehabilitation,
midbrain
locomotor
region
(MLR)
pathways,
cuneiform
(CnF),
pedunculopontine
(PPN),
lateral
hypothalamic.
EES
further
supports
recovery
SCI;
however,
this
approach
requires
high-DBS
amplitude,
serotonergic
pharmacotherapy,
cortical
activity
decoding
attenuate
stress-associated
locomotion.
BSI
combined
recently
emerged
a
novel
therapy.
Although
are
limited,
models
provided
evidence
supporting
its
potential.
Despite
advancements,
effectiveness
systems
remains
cases
complete
central
denervation.
Conclusions:
The
combination
DBS,
BSI,
represent
transformational
treating
patients
SCI.
While
research
is
needed
optimize
strategies,
hold
immense
improving
quality
life
advancing
field
neuromodulation.
Research Square (Research Square),
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: March 25, 2025
Abstract
The
hypothalamus
is
critical
for
regulating
behaviors
essential
survival
and
locomotion,
but
how
it
integrates
internal
needs
transmits
locomotion
commands
to
the
spinal
cord
(SC)
remains
unclear.
We
found
that
glutamatergic
neurons
in
lateral
hypothalamic
area
(LHA)
are
motivated
locomotor
activity.
Using
single-neuron
projectome
analysis,
trans-synaptic
tracing,
optogenetic
manipulation,
we
showed
LHA
facilitates
during
food
seeking
via
pontine
oral
part
(PnO)
projection
neurons,
rather
than
direct
SC
projections
or
indirect
stress
signaling
medial
septum
diagonal
band.
Activating
PnO-SC
also
initiated
locomotion.
Importantly,
LHA-PnO
were
crucial
recovery
following
mouse
injury
(SCI).
Motor
cortex
signals
gated
deep
brain
stimulation
treatment
markedly
promoted
long-term
restoration
of
hindlimb
motor
functions
after
severe
SCI.
Thus,
have
identified
a
hypothalamic-pontine-spinal
pathway
paradigm
potential
therapeutic
intervention
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
23(18), P. 10738 - 10738
Published: Sept. 14, 2022
Locomotion
is
a
basic
motor
act
essential
for
survival.
Amongst
other
things,
it
allows
animals
to
move
in
their
environment
seek
food,
escape
predators,
or
mates
reproduction.
The
neural
mechanisms
involved
the
control
of
locomotion
have
been
examined
many
vertebrate
species
and
clearer
picture
progressively
emerging.
muscle
synergies
responsible
propulsion
are
generated
by
networks
located
spinal
cord.
In
turn,
descending
supraspinal
inputs
starting,
maintaining,
stopping
as
well
steering
controlling
speed.
Several
neurotransmitter
systems
play
crucial
role
modulating
activity
during
locomotion.
For
instance,
cholinergic
both
at
levels
underlying
focus
present
review.
Much
information
gained
on
modulation
was
obtained
from
lamprey
model.
Nicotinic
increase
level
excitation
brainstem
command
neurons,
reticulospinal
neurons
(RSNs),
whereas
muscarinic
activate
select
group
hindbrain
that
project
RSNs
boost
excitation.
Muscarinic
also
reduce
transmission
sensory
brainstem,
phenomenon
could
help
sustaining
goal
directed
cord,
intrinsic
strongly
modulate
interneurons
motoneurons
locomotor
output.
Altogether,
review
underlines
importance
vertebrates.
The Neuroscientist,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
30(3), P. 347 - 366
Published: Dec. 28, 2022
The
mesencephalic
locomotor
region
(MLR)
controls
locomotion
in
vertebrates.
In
humans
with
Parkinson
disease,
deficits
are
increasingly
associated
decreased
activity
the
MLR.
This
brainstem
region,
commonly
considered
to
include
cuneiform
and
pedunculopontine
nuclei,
has
been
explored
as
a
target
for
deep
brain
stimulation
improve
function,
but
results
variable,
from
modest
promising.
However,
MLR
is
heterogeneous
structure,
identification
of
best
cell
type
only
beginning.
Here,
I
review
studies
that
uncovered
role
genetically
defined
types,
highlight
cells
whose
activation
improves
function
animal
models
disease.
promising
types
activate
comprise
some
glutamatergic
neurons
caudal
well
cholinergic
nucleus.
Activation
GABAergic
should
be
avoided,
since
they
stop
or
evoke
bouts
flanked
numerous
stops.
also
potential
spinal
cord
injury,
supranuclear
palsy,
primary
progressive
freezing
gait,
stroke.
Better
targeting
achieved
through
optimized
protocols,
pharmacotherapy,
development
optogenetics
human
use.
Frontiers in Neurology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
15
Published: Dec. 4, 2024
The
landscape
of
therapeutic
deep
brain
stimulation
(DBS)
for
locomotor
function
recovery
is
rapidly
evolving.
This
review
provides
an
overview
electrical
neuromodulation
effects
on
spinal
cord
injury
(SCI),
focusing
DBS
motor
functional
in
human
and
animal
models.
We
highlight
research
providing
insight
into
underlying
cellular
molecular
mechanisms.
A
literature
via
Web
Science
PubMed
databases
from
1990
to
May
29,
2024,
reveals
a
growing
body
evidence
SCI
recovery.
Advances
techniques
like
optogenetics
whole-brain
tractogram
have
helped
elucidate
Neuronal
targets
sites
include
the
mesencephalic
region
(MLR),
cuneiform
nucleus
(CNF),
raphe
magnus
(NRG),
with
pedunculopontine
(PPN),
periaqueductal
gray
(PAG),
ventroposterolateral
thalami
(VPL)
post-injury
treatment.
Radiologically
guided
optimization
combination
therapy
classical
rehabilitation
become
effective
method,
though
ongoing
interventional
trials
are
needed
enhance
understanding
validate
efficacy
SCI.
On
pre-clinical
front,
standardization
approaches
essential
quality
safety
efficacy.
Mapping
optimizing
protocols,
aided
by
combined
medical
imaging,
critical
endeavors.
Overall,
holds
promise
neurological
after
SCI,
akin
other
approaches.
