Microcystin-LR and its health impacts: chemistry, transmission routes, mechanisms of toxicity and target organs

Toxicology Reports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14, P. 101996 - 101996

Published: March 11, 2025

Microcystin-LR, a hepatotoxin produced by cyanobacteria, poses significant health risks to humans and other animals through various routes of exposure. This review comprehensively explores the chemistry, transmission pathways, mechanisms toxicity, target organs affected MC-LR provide detailed understanding its impacts on humans. exposure occurs different routes, including ingesting contaminated water food, algal dietary supplements, direct body contact with harmful blooms, inhalation aerosolized toxins. In this review, we explored that toxic effects are mediated multiple complex mechanisms. A key mechanism toxicity is inhibition protein phosphatases PP1 PP2A which results in abnormal cellular signalling pathways. Additionally, induces oxidative stress disrupts homeostasis. The findings suggest modulates activity antioxidant enzymes also activates apoptosis pathways It cytoskeletal disruption, ultimately compromising integrity function. activation oncogenes such as Gankyrin, PI3K/AKT, HIF-1α, RAC1/JNK NEK2 pathway upregulates inflammatory molecules NF-κβ, TNF-α, hence leading carcinogenesis. has toxicological organs. liver primary target, where accumulates causes hepatotoxicity, but well. shows neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, cardiotoxicity reproductive toxicity.

Language: Английский

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Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: Key targets for attenuating neurodegenerative diseases

The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 157, P. 106387 - 106387

Published: Feb. 6, 2023

Language: Английский

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Neurobehavioral and biochemical responses to artemisinin-based drug and aflatoxin B1 co-exposure in rats

Mycotoxin Research, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 39(1), P. 67 - 80

Published: Jan. 26, 2023

Language: Английский

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Lethal Interactions of neuronal networks in epilepsy mediated by both synaptic and volume transmission indicate approaches to prevention

Progress in Neurobiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 249, P. 102770 - 102770

Published: April 19, 2025

Language: Английский

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Chronic chlorothalonil exposure inhibits locomotion and interferes with the gut-liver axis in Pelophylax nigromaculatus tadpoles

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: April 25, 2025

Abstract Chlorothalonil is a widely used fungicide that has negative effect on individual movement, but its impact pathway needs further refinement. Here, the effects of exposure to chlorothalonil locomotion behavior Pelophylax nigromaculatus tadpoles (GS23) were measured at three different levels (0 µg/L, 10 and 50 µg/L), possible pathways analyzed from gut-liver axis. µg/L significantly reduced average speed P. by 26% 32.7%, respectively, decreased locomotor frequency 27.1% 58.6%, respectively. Gut microbiota analysis revealed increased abundance Firmicutes , while Actinobacteriota Pseudomonas Rhodococcus . Metabolomics identified treatment changed amino acid-related metabolism in gut liver altered glycerophospholipid liver. This study indicated can affect abilities interfering with axis aquatic animals. These findings establish compromises organism motility through multi-target mechanism involving modulation, acid metabolic interference, hepatic lipid disruption.

Language: Английский

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Activation of Muscarinic Receptors Mediated Varying Cholinergic Effects on Medullar 5-HT Neurons and Locomotor Activities in ePet-EYFP Mice

Research Square (Research Square), Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 6, 2025

Serotonergic neurons (5-HT) in medulla play an essential role initiating locomotion. These receive cholinergic input and display varying response to acetylcholine (ACh). However, the mechanism behind remains unknown. Using ePet-EYFP transgenic mice (P3–P6) multiple approaches, we investigated mechanisms underlying modulation of medullar 5-HT generating Our results included: (1) Significant morphological difference was shown between parapyramidal region (PPR) midline raphe nuclei (MRN). (2) ACh induced triphasic effects (excitatory, inhibitory, neutral) on neurons, which could be duplicated by muscarine, with PPR more excitable MRN less sensitive ACh. (3) enhanced excitability via mAChR-M3 receptors, while M2&M4 receptors mediated inhibitory effects. (4) Blocking M3 pathway reduced gait frequency disrupted locomotion, whereas antagonizing pathways increased frequency. This study unveiled interactions medullary serotonergic systems modulating neuronal

Language: Английский

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Diphenyl Diselenide Through Reduction of Inflammation, Oxidative Injury and Caspase-3 Activation Abates Doxorubicin-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats

Neurochemical Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 49(4), P. 1076 - 1092

Published: Jan. 24, 2024

Language: Английский

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Steering From the Rear: Coordination of Central Pattern Generators Underlying Navigation by Ascending Interneurons

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: June 17, 2024

ABSTRACT Understanding how animals coordinate movements to achieve goals is a fundamental pursuit in neuroscience. Here we explore neurons that reside posterior lower-order regions of locomotor system project anterior higher-order influence steering and navigation. We characterized the anatomy functional role population ascending interneurons ventral nerve cord Drosophila larvae. Through electron microscopy reconstructions light microscopy, determined cholinergic 19f cells receive input primarily from premotor synapse upon diverse array postsynaptic targets within segments including other cells. Calcium imaging activity isolated central nervous (CNS) preparations relation motor revealed are recruited into most larval programmes. lags behind neuron as population, encode spatio-temporal patterns CNS. Optogenetic manipulations cell CNS they pattern generators underlying exploratory headsweeps forward locomotion context location specific manner. In behaving animals, activating suppressed slowed locomotion, while inhibition potentiated headsweeps, slowing movement. Inhibiting ultimately affected ability larvae remain vicinity an odor source during olfactory navigation task. Overall, our findings provide insights monitor shape interactions amongst rhythm complex navigational tasks.

Language: Английский

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Histamine H1 receptors in dentate gyrus-projecting cholinergic neurons of the medial septum suppress contextual fear retrieval in mice

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: July 10, 2024

Fear memory is essential for survival and adaptation, yet excessive fear memories can lead to emotional disabilities mental disorders. Despite previous researches have indicated that histamine H

Language: Английский

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Waterborne atenolol disrupts neurobehavioral and neurochemical responses in adult zebrafish

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 31(36), P. 49200 - 49213

Published: July 25, 2024

Language: Английский

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