Exploring the Versatility of Exosomes: A Review on Isolation, Characterization, Detection Methods, and Diverse Applications

Analytical Chemistry, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 95(44), P. 16029 - 16048

Published: Oct. 24, 2023

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial mediators of intercellular communication and can be classified based on their physical properties, biomolecular structure, origin. Among EVs, exosomes have garnered significant attention due to potential as therapeutic diagnostic tools. Exosomes released via fusion multivesicular bodies plasma membranes isolated from various biofluids using methods such differential ultracentrifugation, immune affinity capture, ultrafiltration, size exclusion chromatography. Herein, an overview different techniques for exosome characterization isolation, well the diverse applications detection, including use in drug delivery disease diagnosis, is provided. Additionally, we discuss emerging field detection by sensors, which offers up-and-coming avenue point-of-care tools development. Overall, this review aims provide a exhaustive up-to-date summary current state research.

Language: Английский

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Targeting Cancer Stem Cells as the Key Driver of Carcinogenesis and Therapeutic Resistance

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(2), P. 1786 - 1786

Published: Jan. 16, 2023

The emerging concept of cancer stem cells (CSCs) as the key driver behind carcinogenesis, progression, and diversity has displaced prior model a tumor composed with similar subsequently acquired mutations an equivalent capacity for renewal, invasion, metastasis. This significant change shifted research focus toward targeting CSCs to eradicate cancer. may be characterized using cell surface markers. They are defined by their self-renew differentiate, resist conventional therapies, generate new tumors following repeated transplantation in xenografted mice. CSCs' functional capabilities governed various intracellular extracellular variables such pluripotency-related transcription factors, internal signaling pathways, external stimuli. Numerous natural compounds synthetic chemicals have been investigated ability disrupt these regulatory components inhibit stemness terminal differentiation CSCs, hence achieving clinical implications. However, no treatment focuses on biological consequences drugs functions established. article provides biomedical discussion at time along overview origin, features, characterization, isolation techniques, novel targeted therapeutic approaches. Additionally, we highlighted factors endorsed controlling or helping promote CSCs. Our objective was encourage future studies prospective treatments develop framework application single combined therapeutics forms

Language: Английский

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Extracellular vesicle-based liquid biopsy biomarkers and their application in precision immuno-oncology

Biomarker Research, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: Nov. 17, 2023

Abstract While the field of precision oncology is rapidly expanding and more targeted options are revolutionizing cancer treatment paradigms, therapeutic resistance particularly to immunotherapy remains a pressing challenge. This can be largely attributed dynamic tumor-stroma interactions that continuously alter microenvironment. date most advancements have been made through examining clinical utility tissue-based biomarkers, their invasive nature lack holistic representation evolving disease in real-time manner could result suboptimal decisions. Thus, using minimally-invasive approaches identify biomarkers predict monitor response as well alert emergence recurrences critical need. Currently, research efforts shifting towards developing liquid biopsy-based obtained from patients over course disease. Liquid biopsy represents unique opportunity intercellular communication within tumor microenvironment which occur exchange extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs lipid bilayer membrane nanoscale transfer plethora biomolecules mediate crosstalk, shape microenvironment, modify drug response. The capture innovative approaches, such microfluidics, magnetic beads, aptamers, allow analysis via high throughput multi-omics techniques facilitate use for biomarker discovery. Artificial intelligence, machine deep learning algorithms, advancing analyses uncover candidate predictive signatures key translation into trials. With increasing recognition role mediating immune evasion valuable source, these snapshots cellular promising become an important tool spur strategies block immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss emerging describing current advances isolation function mediators We also highlight recent lung melanoma studies point application potential immuno-oncology.

Language: Английский

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Advances in Therapeutic Applications of Extracellular Vesicles

International Journal of Nanomedicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: Volume 18, P. 3285 - 3307

Published: June 1, 2023

Abstract: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale bilayer phospholipid membrane released by cells. Contained large molecules such as nucleic acid, protein, and lipid, EVs an integral part of cell communication. The contents vary based on the source play important role in both pathological physiological conditions. can be used drugs or targets disease treatment, changes indicate progression diseases. In recent years, with continuous exploration structure, characteristics, functions EVs, potential engineered for drug delivery therapy being constantly explored. This review provides a brief overview characteristics summarizes advanced application outlook prospect it. It is our hope that this will increase understanding current development medical applications help us overcome future challenges. Keywords: extracellular vesicle, nanotherapeutic, diagnosis, exosome, advances

Language: Английский

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Microporous PdCuB nanotag-based electrochemical aptasensor with Au@CuCl2 nanowires interface for ultrasensitive detection of PD-L1-positive exosomes in the serum of lung cancer patients

Journal of Nanobiotechnology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: March 11, 2023

Programmed cell death ligand 1 protein-positive (PD-L1+) exosomes have been found to be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of non-small lung cancer (NSCLC). However, development highly sensitive detection technique PD-L1+ is still challenge in clinical applications. Herein, sandwich electrochemical aptasensor based on ternary metal-metalloid palladium-copper-boron alloy microporous nanospheres (PdCuB MNs) and Au@CuCl2 nanowires (NWs) was designed exosomes. The excellent peroxidase-like catalytic activity PdCuB MNs high conductivity NWs endow fabricated with intense signal, thus enabling low abundance analytical results revealed that maintained favorable linearity over wide concentration range 6 orders magnitude reached limit 36 particles/mL. successfully applied analysis complex serum samples achieves accurate identification NSCLC patients. Overall, developed provides powerful tool early NSCLC.

Language: Английский

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