Ecosystem Consequences of Biological Invasions

Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 41(1), P. 59 - 80

Published: Nov. 2, 2010

Exotic species affect the biogeochemical pools and fluxes of materials energy, thereby altering fundamental structure function their ecosystems. Rapidly accumulating evidence from many both animal plant invaders suggests that invasive often increase pool sizes, particularly biomass, promote accelerated flux rates, but exceptions can be found. Ecosystem dynamics are altered through a variety interacting, mutually reinforcing mechanistic pathways, including species' resource acquisition traits; population densities; ability to engineer changes physical environmental conditions; effects on disturbance, especially fire; regimes; habitat for other species; impact food webs. Local factors landscape setting, history, sources disturbance constrain ecosystem responses invasions. New research directions suggested, need whole-system budgets, quantification abundance-impact relationships particular processes, better exploration web impacts processes.

Language: Английский

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Consequences of climate change for biotic disturbances in North American forests

Ecological Monographs, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 83(4), P. 441 - 470

Published: Feb. 11, 2013

About one‐third of North America is forested. These forests are incalculable value to human society in terms harvested resources and ecosystem services sensitive disturbance regimes. Epidemics forest insects diseases the dominant sources American forests. Here we review current understanding climatic effects on abundance America, ecological socioeconomic impacts biotic disturbances. We identified 27 (6 nonindigenous) 22 (9 that notable agents The distribution pathogens respond rapidly variation due their physiological sensitivity temperature, high mobility, short generation times, reproductive potential. Additionally, climate affects tree defenses, tolerance, community interactions involving enemies, competitors, mutualists diseases. Recent research affirms importance milder winters, warmer growing seasons, changes moisture availability occurrence Predictions from first U.S. National Climate Assessment expansions disturbances change have been upheld, some cases more dramatically than expected. Clear examples offered by recent epidemics spruce beetles Alaska, mountain pine beetle high‐elevation five‐needle Rocky Mountains, southern New Jersey Pinelands. Pathogens less studied with respect climate, but facilitated wetter summer conditions. Changes broad consequences for ecosystems they provide society. Climatic insect disease outbreaks may foster further influencing exchange carbon, water, energy between atmosphere. Climate‐induced productivity create opportunities as well vulnerabilities (e.g., increases many areas, probably decreases risks areas). There a critical need better understand predict among productivity, disturbance, relations people.

Language: Английский

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Direct and indirect effects of alien insect herbivores on ecological processes and interactions in forests of eastern North America

Biological Invasions, Journal Year: 2009, Volume and Issue: 12(2), P. 389 - 405

Published: Nov. 5, 2009

Language: Английский

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Modeling when, where, and how to manage a forest epidemic, motivated by sudden oak death in California

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 113(20), P. 5640 - 5645

Published: May 2, 2016

Significance We use sudden oak death in California to illustrate how mathematical modeling can be used optimize control of established epidemics invading pathogens complex heterogeneous landscapes. our statewide model—which has been parameterized pathogen spread data—to address a number broadly applicable questions. How quickly must management start? When is an epidemic too large prevent further effectively? should local treatment deployed? does this depend on the budget and level risk aversion? Where targeted? expenditure balanced detection treatment? What if changes over time? The underlying principles are important for all plant disease natural ecosystems.

Language: Английский

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Is an Epic Pluvial Masking the Water Insecurity of the Greater New York City Region?*,+

Journal of Climate, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 26(4), P. 1339 - 1354

Published: Aug. 9, 2012

Abstract Six water emergencies have occurred since 1981 for the New York City (NYC) region despite following: 1) its perhumid climate, 2) substantial conservation of 1979, and 3) meteorological data showing little severe or extreme drought 1970. This study reconstructs 472 years moisture availability NYC watershed to place these in long-term hydroclimatic context. Using nested reconstruction techniques, 32 tree-ring chronologies comprised 12 species account up 66.2% average May–August Palmer severity index. Verification statistics indicate good statistical skill from 1531 2003. The use multiple tree species, including rarely used that can sometimes occur on mesic sites like Liriodendron tulipifera, Betula lenta, Carya spp., seems aid skill. Importantly, captures pluvial events instrumental record nearly as well is significantly correlated precipitation over much northeastern United States. While mid-1960s a context new reconstruction, experienced repeated droughts similar intensity, but greater duration during sixteenth seventeenth centuries. full reveals trend toward more conditions ca. 1800 accentuated by an unprecedented 43-yr event continues through 2011. In current pluvial, decreasing usage, increasing extra-urban pressures, it appears supply system could be severely stressed if boom shifts regimes

Language: Английский

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An invasive urban forest pest invades natural environments — Asian longhorned beetle in northeastern US hardwood forests

Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 41(9), P. 1729 - 1742

Published: Sept. 1, 2011

An infestation of Asian longhorned beetle (ALB) ( Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky)) was detected in Worcester, Massachusetts, 2008. The discovery this pest, previously only seen urban environments North America, led to the unprecedented establishment a 243 km 2 quarantine zone that included parks, neighborhoods, and natural forests. Because ALB behavior forested stands is virtually unknown, two closed-canopied (Bovenzi Delaval) infested with within were sampled during 2008–2010 document stand conditions, assess host selection, determine impact on tree growth. Thirty-two percent Acer Bovenzi compared 63% Delaval. In Delaval where three maple species available, found more often rubrum L. than saccharum Marsh. or platanoides Radial growth patterns did not differ between ALB-infested uninfested trees Bovenzi. contrast, significantly older larger exhibited slower radial ring width index trees. Results suggest if left uncontrolled, can readily disperse into forest landscapes alter makeup America’s hardwood region.

Language: Английский

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Nitrogen cycling following mountain pine beetle disturbance in lodgepole pine forests of Greater Yellowstone

Forest Ecology and Management, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 261(6), P. 1077 - 1089

Published: Jan. 14, 2011

Language: Английский

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How do natural disturbances and human activities affect soils and tree nutrition and growth in the Canadian boreal forest?

Environmental Reviews, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 22(2), P. 161 - 178

Published: Feb. 25, 2014

There are concerns about the effect of increasing resource extraction and other human activities on soils vegetation boreal zone. The review covers published papers between 1974 2012 to assess effects natural disturbances tree nutrition growth Canadian Changes in soil foliar nutrients following disturbance were also analyzed by meta-analysis. When sufficient replicated studies not available for a given or nutrient, response assessments narrative summaries presented. majority fertilization zone showed positive nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) either individually combination. Large amounts N may be lost through volatilization fire depending severity frequency fire. This contribute limitation Available P extractable calcium (Ca) magnesium (Mg) increased surface horizons In contrast, decreased harvest. Harvesting had no total inorganic except mixedwoods where organic horizon These potential areas concern responses fertilization. Potassium (K) forest floor did change harvesting; thus, K availability should at risk, since its cycle is rapidly restored. Mercury (Hg) cycling altered as result flooding if return intervals intensities increase. Interactions multiple increase risk nutrient depletions, but there currently little information these interactions Evidence date suggests have been adversely affected localized areas. However, loss considered our management strategies, particularly interact. off-site movement contaminants into atmospheric aquatic ecosystems, addition on-site environmental issues, concern.

Language: Английский

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Global meta‐analysis of the impacts of terrestrial invertebrate invaders on species, communities and ecosystems

Global Ecology and Biogeography, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 25(5), P. 596 - 606

Published: Jan. 28, 2016

Abstract Aim Terrestrial invertebrates comprise a large proportion of alien species world‐wide, yet quantitative global synthesis their effects on native and ecosystems has not been explored. We conducted meta‐analysis to examine the ecological impacts terrestrial invertebrate invaders test how are modulated by invader's trophic position, habitat attributes (i.e. insularity disturbance) study methodology (observational versus experimental). Location Global. Methods investigated populations, communities conducting random using 112 articles reporting data from 710 field laboratory studies. The analysis included 16 insect, 11 earthworm, 7 slug 1 nematode invaders. Results On average, across invaders, presence reduced plant fitness (52%), animal diversity (33%) abundance (29%). Leaf litter decomposition was 41% higher in while other ecosystem‐level variables such as nutrient cycling were affected consistent direction. Invasive predators detritivores decreased abundance, whereas herbivores omnivores had limited impacts. Single increased soil nitrogen pools multiple did not. Insularity disturbance affect magnitude significantly, mainly because there variation among Main conclusions Overall, our indicates that have significant ecosystems, with islands disturbed sites being more prone However, vary considerably depending type impact examined position invader. There is no evidence cause larger when rather than single involved.

Language: Английский

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Carbon budget of the Harvard Forest Long‐Term Ecological Research site: pattern, process, and response to global change

Ecological Monographs, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 90(4)

Published: Aug. 4, 2020

Abstract How, where, and why carbon (C) moves into out of an ecosystem through time are long‐standing questions in biogeochemistry. Here, we bring together hundreds thousands C‐cycle observations at the Harvard Forest central Massachusetts, USA, a mid‐latitude landscape dominated by 80–120‐yr‐old closed‐canopy forests. These data answered four questions: (1) where how much C is presently stored dominant forest types; (2) what current rates accrual loss; (3) biotic abiotic factors contribute to variability these rates; (4) has climate change affected forest’s cycle? active sink resulting from regrowth following land abandonment. Soil tree biomass comprise nearly equal portions existing stocks. Net primary production (NPP) averaged 680–750 g C·m −2 ·yr −1 ; belowground NPP contributed 38–47% total, but with large uncertainty. Mineral soil measured same inventory plots 1992 2013 was too heterogeneous detect soil‐C pools; however, radiocarbon suggest small persistent 10–30 . (NEP) hardwood stands ~300 NEP hemlock‐dominated forests ~450 until infestation hemlock woolly adelgid turned net source. Since 2000, increased 26%. For period 1992–2015, 93%. The increase mean annual temperature growing season length alone accounted for ~30% productivity. Interannual variations GPP were also correlated increases red oak biomass, leaf area, canopy‐scale light‐use efficiency. Compared long‐term global experiments Forest, regrowing equaled or exceeded cycle modifications imposed warming, N saturation, removal. Results this synthesis comparison simulation models that across region likely accrue decades come may be disrupted if frequency severity disturbances increases.

Language: Английский

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