Depression in young people

The Lancet, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 400(10352), P. 617 - 631

Published: Aug. 1, 2022

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms linking childhood trauma exposure and psychopathology: a transdiagnostic model of risk and resilience

BMC Medicine, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 18(1)

Published: April 1, 2020

Abstract Background Transdiagnostic processes confer risk for multiple types of psychopathology and explain the co-occurrence different disorders. For this reason, transdiagnostic provide ideal targets early intervention treatment. Childhood trauma exposure is associated with elevated virtually all commonly occurring forms psychopathology. We articulate a model developmental mechanisms that strong links between childhood as well protective factors promote resilience against Main body present spanning three broad domains: social information processing, emotional accelerated biological aging. Changes in processing prioritize threat-related information—such heightened perceptual sensitivity to threat, misclassification negative neutral emotions anger, attention biases towards cues—have been consistently observed children who have experienced trauma. Patterns common exposed include reactivity stimuli, low awareness, difficulties learning emotion regulation. More recently, pattern aging across metrics, including pubertal development cellular aging, has found trauma-exposed children. Although these changes responding, pace reflect adaptations may safety other benefits raised dangerous environments, they emergence internalizing externalizing link Children higher levels support, particularly from caregivers, are less likely develop following exposure. Caregiver buffering be one mechanism explaining effect. Conclusion powerful factor development. serve linking These represent critical interventions aimed at preventing

Language: Английский

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The Value of Dimensional Models of Early Experience: Thinking Clearly About Concepts and Categories

Perspectives on Psychological Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 16(6), P. 1463 - 1472

Published: Sept. 7, 2021

We review the three prevailing approaches—specificity, cumulative risk, and dimensional models—to conceptualizing developmental consequences of early-life adversity address fundamental problems with characterization these frameworks in a recent Perspectives on Psychological Science piece by Smith Pollak. respond to concerns raised Pollak about models early experience highlight value for studying adversity. Basic dimensions proposed existing include threat/harshness, deprivation, unpredictability. These identify core that cut across categorical exposures have been focus specificity risk approaches (e.g., abuse, institutional rearing, chronic poverty); delineate aspects are likely influence brain behavioral development; afford hypotheses adaptive maladaptive responses different adversity; articulate specific mechanisms through which exert their influences, experience-driven plasticity within an evolutionary-developmental framework. In doing so, advance falsifiable hypotheses, grounded neurodevelopmental evolutionary principles, supported accumulating evidence provide fertile ground empirical studies

Language: Английский

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Why and how does early adversity influence development? Toward an integrated model of dimensions of environmental experience

Development and Psychopathology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 34(2), P. 447 - 471

Published: March 14, 2022

Abstract Two extant frameworks – the harshness-unpredictability model and threat-deprivation attempt to explain which dimensions of adversity have distinct influences on development. These models address, respectively, why, based a history natural selection, development operates way it does across range environmental contexts, how neural mechanisms that underlie plasticity learning in response experiences influence brain Building these frameworks, we advance an integrated experience, focusing threat-based forms harshness, deprivation-based unpredictability. This makes clear why are inextricable and, together, essential understanding environment matter. Core integrative concepts include directedness learning, multiple levels developmental adaptation environment, tradeoffs between adaptive maladaptive responses adversity. The proposes proximal distal cues as well unpredictability those cues, calibrate both immediate rearing environments broader ecological current future. We highlight actionable directions for research needed investigate experience.

Language: Английский

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Social vulnerabilities for substance use: Stressors, socially toxic environments, and discrimination and racism

Neuropharmacology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 188, P. 108518 - 108518

Published: March 12, 2021

Applying a social determinants of health framework, this review brings attention to evidence from sciences and neuroscience on the role selected factors in individual population-level vulnerability substance use disorders (SUDs). The understanding that SUDs is multifaceted occurs across different levels influence (individual, interpersonal, community, societal) underscored. We propose socially based stressors play critical creating SUDs, as such, deserve greater empirical further understand how they "get under skin." Current knowledge relationships among resulting stressors, exposure toxic childhood environments, racism discrimination are summarized discussed, implications for future research, practice, policy. Specifically, we using top-down approach examination known, yet often unexplored, between related inequities, potential differential effects demographic groups. Finally, research gaps promising areas policy focused ameliorating vulnerabilities associated with lifespan presented. This article part special issue 'Vulnerabilities Substance Abuse'.

Language: Английский

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Stress and adolescence: vulnerability and opportunity during a sensitive window of development

Current Opinion in Psychology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 44, P. 286 - 292

Published: Oct. 25, 2021

Language: Английский

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Genes, Environments, and Time: The Biology of Adversity and Resilience

PEDIATRICS, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 147(2)

Published: Jan. 25, 2021

Exposures to adverse environments, both psychosocial and physicochemical, are prevalent consequential across a broad range of childhood populations. Such adversity, especially early in life, conveys measurable risk learning behavior the foundations mental physical health. Using an interactive gene-environment-time (GET) framework, we survey independent roles genetic variation, environmental context, developmental timing light advances biology adversity resilience, as well new discoveries biomedical research. Drawing on this rich evidence base, identify 4 core concepts that provide powerful catalyst for fresh thinking about primary health care young children: (1) all biological systems inextricably integrated, continuously "reading" adapting environment "talking back" brain each other through highly regulated channels cross-system communication; (2) exposures induce alterations trajectories can lead persistent disruptions organ function structure; (3) children vary their sensitivity variation is influenced by interactions among factors, family community timing; (4) critical or sensitive periods unmatched windows opportunity positive negative influences multiple systems. These rapidly moving frontiers investigation framework new, science-informed promotion disease prevention period.

Language: Английский

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Lifestyle interventions in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 20(11), P. 708 - 722

Published: July 4, 2023

Language: Английский

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Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention

World Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 22(2), P. 203 - 229

Published: May 9, 2023

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are highly prevalent and exact a large toll on individuals’ health, well‐being, social functioning. Long‐lasting changes in brain networks involved reward, executive function, stress reactivity, mood, self‐awareness underlie the intense drive to consume substances inability control this urge person who suffers from addiction (moderate or severe SUD). Biological (including genetics developmental life stages) adverse childhood experiences) determinants of health recognized factors that contribute vulnerability for resilience against developing SUD. Consequently, prevention strategies target risk can improve outcomes and, when deployed adolescence, decrease these disorders. SUDs treatable, evidence clinically significant benefit exists medications (in opioid, nicotine alcohol disorders), behavioral therapies all SUDs), neuromodulation disorder). Treatment should be considered within context Chronic Care Model, with intensity intervention adjusted severity disorder concomitant treatment comorbid psychiatric physical conditions. Involvement care providers detection management SUDs, including referral cases specialized care, offers sustainable models further expanded telehealth. Despite advances our understanding individuals conditions continue stigmatized some countries, incarcerated, highlighting need dismantle policies perpetuate their criminalization instead develop ensure support access treatment.

Language: Английский

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Association of Childhood Adversity With Morbidity and Mortality in US Adults

JAMA Pediatrics, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 175(12), P. 1269 - 1269

Published: Oct. 5, 2021

Childhood adversity (CA) is a powerful determinant of long-term physical and mental health that associated with elevated risk for chronic disease psychopathology. However, the degree to which CA contributes mortality as preventable driver ill-health death unknown.To estimate contribution behaviors, including smoking sedentary behavior, well annual attributable in US through influences on leading causes (eg, cardiovascular disease).For this systematic review, PsycINFO MEDLINE databases were searched November 15, 2019. The publications from inception (1806 PsycINFO, 1946 MEDLINE) Meta-analyses associations between morbidity outcomes included. population fraction (PAF) was calculated these along estimated prevalence CA. PAF then applied number deaths each cause are Additionally, incidence behaviors derive cases Exposure 1 or more experiences before age 18 years analyzed, abuse, neglect, family violence, economic adversity.A total 19 meta-analyses 20 654 832 participants reviewed. accounted approximately 439 072 annually US, 15% 2019 (2 854 838 deaths), (including heart disease, cancer, suicide). In addition, millions unhealthy markers, than 22 million sexually transmitted infections, 21 illicit drug use, inflammation, 10 inactivity. greatest proportion suicide attempts up 38% 33%, respectively.The results review suggest contributor may be considered mortality. prevention intervention pathways link should critical public priority.

Language: Английский

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