Conservation and the Genomics of Populations

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 10, 2022

Abstract Loss of biodiversity is among the greatest problems facing world today. Conservation and Genomics Populations gives a comprehensive overview essential background, concepts, tools needed to understand how genetic information can be used conserve species threatened with extinction, manage ecological or commercial importance. New molecular techniques, statistical methods, computer programs, principles, methods are becoming increasingly useful in conservation biological diversity. Using balance data theory, coupled basic applied research examples, this book examines phenotypic variation natural populations, principles mechanisms evolutionary change, interpretation from these conservation. The includes examples plants, animals, microbes wild captive populations. This third edition has been thoroughly revised include advances genomics contains new chapters on population genomics, monitoring, genetics practice, as well sections climate emerging diseases, metagenomics, more. More than one-third references were published after previous edition. Each 24 Appendix end Guest Box written by an expert who provides example presented chapter their own work. for advanced undergraduate graduate students genetics, resource management, biology, professional biologists policy-makers working wildlife habitat management agencies. Much will also interest nonprofessionals curious about role

Language: Английский

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Joint control of meiotic crossover patterning by the synaptonemal complex and HEI10 dosage

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Oct. 12, 2022

Abstract Meiotic crossovers are limited in number and prevented from occurring close to each other by crossover interference. In many species, is subject sexual dimorphism, a lower associated with shorter chromosome axes lengths. How this patterning imposed remains poorly understood. Here, we show that overexpression of the Arabidopsis pro-crossover protein HEI10 increases but maintains some interference dimorphism. Disrupting synaptonemal complex mutating ZYP1 also leads an increase but, contrast, abolishes disrupts link between axis length crossovers. Crucially, combining zyp1 mutation massive unprecedented These observations support can be predicted by, recently proposed model which diffusion along drives coarsening process leading well-spaced crossover-promoting foci, providing mechanism for patterning.

Language: Английский

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Phylogenomic discovery of deleterious mutations facilitates hybrid potato breeding

Cell, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 186(11), P. 2313 - 2328.e15

Published: May 1, 2023

Hybrid potato breeding will transform the crop from a clonally propagated tetraploid to seed-reproducing diploid. Historical accumulation of deleterious mutations in genomes has hindered development elite inbred lines and hybrids. Utilizing whole-genome phylogeny 92 Solanaceae its sister clade species, we employ an evolutionary strategy identify mutations. The deep reveals genome-wide landscape highly constrained sites, comprising ∼2.4% genome. Based on diploid diversity panel, infer 367,499 variants, which 50% occur at non-coding 15% synonymous sites. Counterintuitively, with relatively high homozygous burden can be better starting material for inbred-line development, despite showing less vigorous growth. Inclusion inferred increases genomic-prediction accuracy yield by 24.7%. Our study generates insights into incidence properties their far-reaching consequences breeding.

Language: Английский

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Understanding the Genetic Basis of Variation in Meiotic Recombination: Past, Present, and Future

Molecular Biology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 41(7)

Published: July 1, 2024

Meiotic recombination is a fundamental feature of sexually reproducing species. It often required for proper chromosome segregation and plays important role in adaptation the maintenance genetic diversity. The molecular mechanisms are remarkably conserved across eukaryotes, yet meiotic genes proteins show substantial variation their sequence function, even between closely related Furthermore, rate distribution shows huge diversity within chromosomes, individuals, sexes, populations, This has implications many evolutionary processes, how why this evolved not well understood. A key step understanding trait evolution to determine its basis-that is, number, effect sizes, loci underpinning variation. In perspective, I discuss past current knowledge on basis distribution, explore implications, present open questions future research.

Language: Английский

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Diffusion-mediated HEI10 coarsening can explain meiotic crossover positioning in Arabidopsis

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: Aug. 3, 2021

Abstract In most organisms, the number and distribution of crossovers that occur during meiosis are tightly controlled. All chromosomes must receive at least one ‘obligatory crossover’ prevented from occurring near another by ‘crossover interference’. However, mechanistic basis this phenomenon crossover interference has remained mostly mysterious. Using quantitative super-resolution cytogenetics mathematical modelling, we investigate positioning in Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type, an over-expressor conserved E3 ligase HEI10, a hei10 heterozygous line. We show positions can be explained predictive, diffusion-mediated coarsening model, which large, approximately evenly-spaced HEI10 foci grow expense smaller, closely-spaced clusters. propose process explains many aspects positioning, including interference. Consistent with also demonstrate predictably modified vivo simply altering dosage, higher lower dosage leading to weaker stronger interference, respectively. As is member RING finger protein family functions interference-sensitive pathway for formation, anticipate similar mechanisms may regulate diverse eukaryotes.

Language: Английский

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Evolutionary Parasitology

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 15, 2021

Abstract Parasites are ubiquitous and shape almost every aspect of their hosts, including physiology, behaviour, life histories, the structure microbiota, entire communities. Hence, parasitism is one most potent forces in nature and, without parasites, world would look very different. The book gives an overview over parasite groups diversity defences that hosts have evolved, such as immune systems. Principles evolutionary biology ecology analyse major elements host–parasite interactions, virulence, infection processes, tolerance, resistance, specificity, memory, polymorphisms, within-host dynamics, diseases spaces, many other aspects. Genetics always key these topics. Modelling, furthermore, can predict best strategies for host parasites. Similarly, spread infectious disease epidemiology combines with molecular data genomics. Furthermore, parasites evolved ways to overcome manipulate hosts. Hosts therefore, continuously co-evolve, changes sometimes occurring rapidly, requiring geological times. Many humans emerged from a zoonotic origin, processes governed by basic principles discussed different sections. this integrates fields study phenomena. It summarizes essential topics parasitology will be useful broad audience.

Language: Английский

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Architecture and Dynamics of Meiotic Chromosomes

Annual Review of Genetics, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 55(1), P. 497 - 526

Published: Sept. 17, 2021

The specialized two-stage meiotic cell division program halves a cell's chromosome complement in preparation for sexual reproduction. This reduction ploidy requires that prophase, each pair of homologous chromosomes (homologs) identify one another and form physical links through DNA recombination. Here, we review recent advances understanding the complex morphological changes undergo during prophase to promote homolog identification crossing over. We focus on structural maintenance (SMC) family cohesin complexes axis, which together organize then discuss architecture dynamics conserved synaptonemal (SC), assembles between homologs mediates local global feedback ensure high fidelity Finally, exciting new advances, including mechanisms boosting recombination particular or chromosomal domains implications liquid crystal model SC assembly structure.

Language: Английский

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Diversity and determinants of recombination landscapes in flowering plants

PLoS Genetics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 18(8), P. e1010141 - e1010141

Published: Aug. 30, 2022

During meiosis, crossover rates are not randomly distributed along the chromosome and their location may have a strong impact on functioning evolution of genome. To date, broad diversity recombination landscapes among plants has rarely been investigated formal comparative genomic approach is still needed to characterize assess determinants species chromosomes. We gathered genetic maps genomes for 57 flowering plant species, corresponding 665 chromosomes, which we estimated large-scale landscapes. found that number per spans limited range (between one five/six) whatever genome size, there no single relationship across between map length size. Instead, general relative size chromosomes rate, while absolute constrains basal rate each species. At level, identified two main patterns (with few exceptions) proposed conceptual model explaining broad-scale distribution crossovers where both telomeres centromeres play role. These correspond globally underlying gene distribution, affects how efficiently genes shuffled at meiosis. results raised new questions only but also

Language: Английский

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Coarsening dynamics can explain meiotic crossover patterning in both the presence and absence of the synaptonemal complex

eLife, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: Feb. 27, 2023

The shuffling of genetic material facilitated by meiotic crossovers is a critical driver variation. Therefore, the number and positions crossover events must be carefully controlled. In Arabidopsis, an obligate repression nearby on each chromosome pair are abolished in mutants that lack synaptonemal complex (SC), conserved protein scaffold. We use mathematical modelling quantitative super-resolution microscopy to explore mechanistically explain pattering Arabidopsis lines with full, incomplete, or synapsis. For zyp1 mutants, which SC, we develop coarsening model precursors globally compete for limited pool pro-crossover factor HEI10, dynamic HEI10 exchange mediated through nucleoplasm. demonstrate this capable quantitatively reproducing predicting experimental patterning foci intensity data. Additionally, find combining both SC- nucleoplasm-mediated can wild-type pch2 display partial Together, our results reveal regulation SC-defective likely acts same underlying mechanism, differing only spatial compartments diffuses.

Language: Английский

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The origin and evolution of sex chromosomes, revealed by sequencing of the Silene latifolia female genome

Current Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 33(12), P. 2504 - 2514.e3

Published: June 1, 2023

White campion (Silene latifolia, Caryophyllaceae) was the first vascular plant where sex chromosomes were discovered. This species is a classic model for studies on due to presence of large, clearly distinguishable X and Y that originated de novo about 11 million years ago (mya), but lack genomic resources this relatively large genome (∼2.8 Gb) remains significant hurdle. Here we report S. latifolia female assembly integrated with sex-specific genetic maps species, focusing their evolution. The analysis reveals highly heterogeneous recombination landscape strong reduction in rate central parts all chromosomes. Recombination chromosome meiosis primarily occurs at very ends, over 85% length located massive (∼330 Mb) gene-poor, rarely recombining pericentromeric region (Xpr). results indicate non-recombining (NRY) initially evolved small (∼15 Mb), actively end q-arm, possibly as result inversion nascent chromosome. NRY expanded 6 mya via linkage between Xpr sex-determining region, which may have been caused by expanding suppression These findings shed light origin yield assist ongoing future investigations into

Language: Английский

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