Molecular Plant Pathology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
21(4), P. 589 - 601
Published: Feb. 6, 2020
Abstract
RNA
interference
is
a
biological
process
whereby
small
RNAs
inhibit
gene
expression
through
neutralizing
targeted
mRNA
molecules.
This
conserved
in
eukaryotes.
Here,
recent
work
regarding
the
mechanisms
of
how
move
within
and
between
organisms
examined.
Small
can
locally
systemically
plants
plasmodesmata
phloem,
respectively.
In
fungi,
transportation
may
also
be
achieved
by
septal
pores
vesicles.
Recent
evidence
supports
bidirectional
cross‐kingdom
communication
host
adapted
fungal
pathogens
to
affect
outcome
infection.
We
discuss
several
for
trafficking
describe
transport
naked
form,
combined
with
RNA‐binding
proteins
or
enclosed
Development,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
146(11)
Published: June 1, 2019
The
development
of
animal
embryos
is
initially
directed
by
maternal
gene
products.
Then,
during
the
maternal-to-zygotic
transition
(MZT),
developmental
control
handed
to
zygotic
genome.
Extensive
research
in
both
vertebrate
and
invertebrate
model
organisms
has
revealed
that
MZT
can
be
subdivided
into
two
phases,
which
very
different
modes
regulation
are
implemented:
initially,
exclusively
post-transcriptional
post-translational,
following
gradual
activation
genome
leads
predominance
transcriptional
regulation.
These
changes
expression
program
precisely
controlled
highly
interconnected.
Here,
we
review
current
understanding
mechanisms
underlie
handover
MZT.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
20(5), P. 1223 - 1223
Published: March 11, 2019
Aging
and
various
age-related
diseases
are
associated
with
reductions
in
melatonin
secretion,
proinflammatory
changes
the
immune
system,
a
deteriorating
circadian
sirtuin-1
(SIRT1)
activity.
In
non-tumor
cells,
several
effects
of
abolished
by
inhibiting
SIRT1,
indicating
mediation
SIRT1.
Melatonin
is,
addition
to
its
antioxidant
roles,
an
stimulatory
agent.
However,
it
can
act
as
either
pro-
or
anti-inflammatory
regulator
context-dependent
way.
stimulate
release
cytokines
other
mediators,
but
also,
under
different
conditions,
suppress
inflammation-promoting
processes
such
NO
release,
activation
cyclooxygenase-2,
inflammasome
NLRP3,
gasdermin
D,
toll-like
receptor-4
mTOR
signaling,
cytokine
SASP
(senescence-associated
secretory
phenotype),
amyloid-β
toxicity.
It
also
activates
network,
which
SIRT1
activation,
upregulation
Nrf2
downregulation
NF-κB,
IL-4
IL-10
involved.
A
perhaps
crucial
action
may
be
promotion
macrophage
microglia
polarization
favor
phenotype
M2.
addition,
many
factors
networks
subject
regulation
microRNAs
that
target
mRNAs
respective
upregulate
them
targeting
their
inhibitor
proteins.
Annual Review of Biochemistry,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
89(1), P. 135 - 158
Published: Dec. 9, 2019
DNA
methylation
at
the
5-position
of
cytosine
(5mC)
plays
vital
roles
in
mammalian
development.
is
catalyzed
by
methyltransferases
(DNMTs),
and
two
DNMT
families,
DNMT3
DNMT1,
are
responsible
for
establishment
maintenance,
respectively.
Since
their
discovery,
biochemical
structural
studies
have
revealed
key
mechanisms
underlying
how
DNMTs
catalyze
de
novo
maintenance
methylation.
In
particular,
recent
development
low-input
genomic
epigenomic
technologies
has
deepened
our
understanding
regulation
germ
lines
early
stage
embryos.
this
review,
we
first
describe
machinery
including
essential
cofactors.
We
then
discuss
recruited
to
or
excluded
from
certain
elements.
Lastly,
summarize
dynamics
embryos
with
a
focus
on
both
mice
humans.
Genes & Development,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
33(17-18), P. 1098 - 1116
Published: Sept. 1, 2019
Transposable
elements
(TEs)
are
mobile
DNA
sequences
that
colonize
genomes
and
threaten
genome
integrity.
As
a
result,
several
mechanisms
appear
to
have
emerged
during
eukaryotic
evolution
suppress
TE
activity.
However,
TEs
ubiquitous
account
for
prominent
fraction
of
most
genomes.
We
argue
the
evolutionary
success
cannot
be
explained
solely
by
evasion
from
host
control
mechanisms.
Rather,
some
evolved
commensal
even
mutualistic
strategies
mitigate
cost
their
propagation.
These
coevolutionary
processes
promote
emergence
complex
cellular
activities,
which
in
turn
pave
way
cooption
organismal
function.
Frontiers in Plant Science,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
10
Published: March 27, 2019
MicroRNAs
(miRNAs),
a
class
of
endogenous,
tiny,
non-coding
RNAs,
are
master
regulators
gene
expression
among
most
eukaryotes.
Intracellular
miRNA
abundance
is
regulated
under
multiple
levels
control
including
transcription,
processing,
RNA
modification,
RNA-induced
silencing
complex
(RISC)
assembly,
miRNA-target
interaction,
and
turnover.
In
this
review,
we
summarize
our
current
understanding
the
molecular
components
mechanisms
that
influence
biogenesis,
homeostasis,
degradation
in
plants.
We
also
make
comparisons
with
findings
from
other
organisms
where
necessary.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
10
Published: Jan. 23, 2020
MicroRNAs
are
short
non-coding
RNAs
that
play
a
crucial
role
in
the
regulation
of
gene
expression
during
cellular
processes.
The
host-encoded
miRNAs
known
to
modulate
antiviral
defense
viral
infection.
In
last
decade,
multiple
DNA
and
RNA
viruses
have
been
shown
produce
as
(v-miRNAs)
evade
host
immune
response.
this
review,
we
highlight
origin
biogenesis
lifecycle.
We
also
explore
evasion
maintaining
chronic
infection
disease.
Finally,
offer
insights
into
underexplored
potential
targets
for
developing
therapeutics
treating
complex
diseases.
