Eukaryote kingdoms: Seven or nine?

Biosystems, Journal Year: 1981, Volume and Issue: 14(3-4), P. 461 - 481

Published: Jan. 1, 1981

Language: Английский

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Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion

Annals of Botany, Journal Year: 2004, Volume and Issue: 95(1), P. 147 - 175

Published: Dec. 17, 2004

Nuclear genome size varies 300 000-fold, whereas transcriptome merely 17-fold. In the largest genomes nearly all DNA is non-genic secondary DNA, mostly intergenic but also within introns. There now compelling evidence that functional, i.e. positively selected by organismal selection, not purely neutral or 'selfish' outcome of mutation pressure. The skeletal theory argued nuclear volumes are genetically determined primarily amounts, modulated somewhat genes affecting degree packing unfolding; huge spread sizes necessary consequence origin envelope and nucleation its assembly plus adaptively significant 000-fold range cell selection for balanced growth optimizing karyoplasmic volume ratios (essentially invariant with in growing/multiplying cells). This simple explanation C-value paradox refined here light new insights into nature heterochromatin lamina, genetic control volume, large-scale eukaryote phylogeny, placing special emphasis on protist test cases basic principles evolution.and Expansion Intracellular parasites (e.g. Plasmodium, microsporidia) dwarfed their gene loss eliminating virtually DNA. primary driving forces reduction metabolic spatial economy multiplication speed. Most extreme shrinkage yielded as tiny 0.38 Mb (making effectively 1.8 million-fold!) some minute enslaved nuclei (nucleomorphs) cryptomonads chlorarachneans, chimaeric cells retain a separate normal large nucleus. latter shows typical correlation between nucleomorphs do despite co-existing same >500 My. Thus pressure does inexorably increase size; can eliminate essentially non-coding if need be. Nucleomorphs microsporidia even reduced size. main nucleus, large-celled eukaryotes generally, must be function. Ciliate dimorphism provides key refutes selfish strongly supports DNA/karyoplasmic ratio interpretation evolution.The quantitatively proportional cannot explained mutational theories, causally cycle genes, amounts.

Language: Английский

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Scientific novelty beyond the experiment

Microbial Biotechnology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 16(6), P. 1131 - 1173

Published: Feb. 14, 2023

Practical experiments drive important scientific discoveries in biology, but theory-based research studies also contribute novel-sometimes paradigm-changing-findings. Here, we appraise the roles of approaches focusing on experiment-dominated wet-biology areas microbial growth and survival, cell physiology, host-pathogen interactions, competitive or symbiotic interactions. Additional examples relate to analyses genome-sequence data, climate change planetary health, habitability, astrobiology. We assess importance thought at each step process; natural philosophy, inconsistencies logic language, as drivers progress; value experiments; use limitations artificial intelligence technologies, including their potential for interdisciplinary transdisciplinary research; other instances when theory is most-direct most-scientifically robust route novelty development techniques practical experimentation fieldwork. highlight intrinsic need human engagement innovation, an issue pertinent ongoing controversy over papers authored using/authored by (such large language model/chatbot ChatGPT). Other issues discussed are way which aspects can bias thinking towards spatial rather than temporal (and how this biased lead skewed terminology); receptivity that non-mainstream; science education epistemology. Whereas briefly classic works (those Oakes Ames, Francis H.C. Crick James D. Watson, Charles R. Darwin, Albert Einstein, E. Lovelock, Lynn Margulis, Gilbert Ryle, Erwin R.J.A. Schrödinger, Alan M. Turing, others), focus microbiology more-recent, discussing these context process types they represent. These include several carried out during 2020 2022 lockdowns COVID-19 pandemic access laboratories was disallowed (or limited). interviewed authors some featured microbiology-related and-although ourselves involved laboratory fieldwork-also drew from our own experiences showing such not only produce new findings transcend barriers between disciplines, act counter reductionism, integrate biological data across different timescales levels complexity, circumvent constraints imposed techniques. In relation urgent needs, believe global challenges may require beyond experiment.

Language: Английский

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Horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotes: aligning theory with data

Nature Reviews Genetics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(6), P. 416 - 430

Published: Jan. 23, 2024

Language: Английский

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Molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics

Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Oct. 17, 2024

Language: Английский

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The kingdom PROTISTA and its 45 phyla

Biosystems, Journal Year: 1984, Volume and Issue: 17(2), P. 87 - 126

Published: Jan. 1, 1984

Language: Английский

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Introns and gene expression: Cellular constraints, transcriptional regulation, and evolutionary consequences

BioEssays, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 37(2), P. 148 - 154

Published: Nov. 14, 2014

A gene's “expression profile” denotes the number of transcripts present relative to all other transcripts. The overall rate transcript production is determined by transcription and RNA processing rates. While speed elongating polymerase II has been characterized for many different genes organisms, gene‐architectural features – primarily length exons introns have recently emerged as important regulatory players. Several new studies indicate that rapidly cycling cells constrain gene‐architecture toward short with a few introns, allowing efficient expression during cell cycles. In contrast, longer long exhibit delayed expression, which can serve timing mechanisms patterning processes. These findings cycle constraints drive evolution shape transcriptome given type. Furthermore, tendency be evolutionarily young hints at links between cellular animal ontogeny.

Language: Английский

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The virome of the last eukaryotic common ancestor and eukaryogenesis

Nature Microbiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(6), P. 1008 - 1017

Published: May 1, 2023

Language: Английский

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Protalveolate phylogeny and systematics and the origins of Sporozoa and dinoflagellates (phylum Myzozoa nom. nov.)

European Journal of Protistology, Journal Year: 2004, Volume and Issue: 40(3), P. 185 - 212

Published: Aug. 13, 2004

Language: Английский

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Anaerobic ciliates as a model group for studying symbioses in oxygen‐depleted environments

Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 69(5)

Published: March 24, 2022

Abstract Anaerobiosis has independently evolved in multiple lineages of ciliates, allowing them to colonize a variety anoxic and oxygen‐depleted habitats. Anaerobic ciliates commonly form symbiotic relationships with various prokaryotes, including methanogenic archaea members several bacterial groups. The hypothesized functions these ecto‐ endosymbionts include the symbiont utilizing ciliate's fermentative end products increase host's anaerobic metabolic efficiency, or directly providing host energy by denitrification photosynthesis. host, turn, may protect from competition, environment, predation. Despite rapid advances sampling, molecular, microscopy methods, as well associated broadening known diversity many aspects ciliate symbioses, specificity coevolution, remain largely unexplored. Nevertheless, number comparative genomic transcriptomic analyses targeting their symbionts on rise, insights into nature symbioses evolution transition obligate anaerobiosis continue deepen. This review summarizes current body knowledge regarding complex symbionts, role significance ecosystem‐level processes.

Language: Английский

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