Annual Review of Virology,
Journal Year:
2014,
Volume and Issue:
1(1), P. 427 - 451
Published: Oct. 1, 2014
Adeno-associated
virus
(AAV)
is
a
small,
nonenveloped
that
was
adapted
30
years
ago
for
use
as
gene
transfer
vehicle.
It
capable
of
transducing
wide
range
species
and
tissues
in
vivo
with
no
evidence
toxicity,
it
generates
relatively
mild
innate
adaptive
immune
responses.
We
review
the
basic
biology
AAV,
history
progress
AAV
vector
technology,
some
clinical
research
applications
where
has
shown
success.
Science,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
359(6376), P. 679 - 684
Published: Feb. 9, 2018
Stimulating
deep
inside
the
brain
Noninvasive
stimulation
is
an
important
goal
in
neuroscience
and
neuroengineering.
Optogenetics
normally
requires
use
of
a
blue
laser
inserted
into
brain.
Chen
et
al.
used
specialized
nanoparticles
that
can
upconvert
near-infrared
light
from
outside
local
emission
(see
Perspective
by
Feliu
).
They
injected
these
ventral
tegmental
area
mouse
activated
channelrhodopsin
expressed
dopaminergic
neurons
with
generated
skull
at
distance
several
millimeters.
This
technique
allowed
distant
to
evoke
fast
increases
dopamine
release.
The
method
was
also
successfully
fear
memories
dentate
gyrus
during
conditioning.
Science
,
this
issue
p.
679
;
see
633
Angewandte Chemie International Edition,
Journal Year:
2012,
Volume and Issue:
51(34), P. 8446 - 8476
Published: July 24, 2012
Abstract
Spatial
and
temporal
control
over
chemical
biological
processes
plays
a
key
role
in
life,
where
the
whole
is
often
much
more
than
sum
of
its
parts.
Quite
trivially,
molecules
cell
do
not
form
living
system
if
they
are
only
arranged
random
fashion.
If
we
want
to
understand
these
relationships
especially
problems
arising
from
malfunction,
tools
necessary
that
allow
us
design
sophisticated
experiments
address
questions.
Highly
valuable
this
respect
external
triggers
enable
precisely
determine
where,
when,
what
extent
process
started
or
stopped.
Light
an
ideal
trigger:
It
highly
selective
applied
correctly
also
harmless.
can
be
generated
manipulated
with
well‐established
techniques,
many
ways
exist
apply
light
systems—from
cells
higher
organisms.
This
Review
will
focus
on
developments
last
six
years
includes
discussions
underlying
technologies
as
well
their
applications.
Chemical Reviews,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
118(21), P. 10710 - 10747
Published: July 9, 2018
Synthetic
photoswitches
have
been
known
for
many
years,
but
their
usefulness
in
biology,
pharmacology,
and
medicine
has
only
recently
systematically
explored.
Over
the
past
decade
photopharmacology
grown
into
a
vibrant
field.
As
photophysical,
pharmacodynamic,
pharmacokinetic
properties
of
photoswitches,
such
as
azobenzenes,
become
established,
they
applied
to
wide
range
biological
targets.
These
include
transmembrane
proteins
(ion
channels,
transporters,
G
protein-coupled
receptors,
receptor-linked
enzymes),
soluble
(kinases,
proteases,
factors
involved
epigenetic
regulation),
lipid
membranes,
nucleic
acids.
In
this
review,
we
provide
an
overview
using
synthetic
switches
that
vivo,
i.e.,
living
cells
organisms.
We
discuss
scope
limitations
approach
study
function
challenges
it
faces
translational
medicine.
The
relationships
between
natural
chromophores
used
optogenetics,
caged
ligands
are
addressed.
