Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
97, P. 18 - 33
Published: Dec. 6, 2018
The
aggregation
of
fibrils
hyperphosphorylated
and
C-terminally
truncated
microtubule-associated
tau
protein
characterizes
80%
all
dementia
disorders,
the
most
common
neurodegenerative
disorders.
These
so-called
tauopathies
are
hitherto
not
curable
their
diagnosis,
especially
at
early
disease
stages,
has
traditionally
proven
difficult.
A
keystone
in
diagnosis
was
development
methods
to
assess
levels
vivo
cerebrospinal
fluid,
which
significantly
improved
our
knowledge
about
these
conditions.
Tau
proteins
have
also
been
measured
blood,
but
importance
tau-related
changes
blood
is
still
unclear.
recent
addition
positron
emission
tomography
ligands
visualize,
map
quantify
pathology
further
contributed
with
information
temporal
spatial
characteristics
accumulation
living
brain.
Together,
measurement
fluid
biomarkers
constitutes
basis
for
a
highly
active
field
research.
This
review
describes
current
state
derived
from
neuroimaging
analysis
bodily
fluids
roles
detection,
prognosis
tau-associated
as
well
associations
neuropathological
findings,
aims
provide
perspective
on
how
might
be
employed
prospectively
research
clinical
settings.
Molecular Neurodegeneration,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
15(1)
Published: July 16, 2020
Abstract
Alzheimer’s
disease
(AD)
is
the
most
common
neurodegenerative
disorder
seen
in
age-dependent
dementia.
There
currently
no
effective
treatment
for
AD,
which
may
be
attributed
part
to
lack
of
a
clear
underlying
mechanism.
Studies
within
last
few
decades
provide
growing
evidence
central
role
amyloid
β
(Aβ)
and
tau,
as
well
glial
contributions
various
molecular
cellular
pathways
AD
pathogenesis.
Herein,
we
review
recent
progress
with
respect
Aβ-
tau-associated
mechanisms,
discuss
dysfunction
emphasis
on
neuronal
receptors
that
mediate
Aβ-induced
toxicity.
We
also
other
critical
factors
affect
pathogenesis,
including
genetics,
aging,
variables
related
environment,
lifestyle
habits,
describe
potential
apolipoprotein
E
(APOE),
viral
bacterial
infection,
sleep,
microbiota.
Although
have
gained
much
towards
understanding
aspects
this
devastating
disorder,
greater
commitment
research
mechanism,
diagnostics
will
needed
future
research.
Trends in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
41(9), P. 758 - 770
Published: Aug. 17, 2020
Astrocytes
are
neural
parenchymal
cells
that
ubiquitously
tile
the
central
nervous
system
(CNS).
In
addition
to
playing
essential
roles
in
healthy
tissue,
astrocytes
exhibit
an
evolutionarily
ancient
response
all
CNS
insults,
referred
as
astrocyte
reactivity.
Long
regarded
passive
and
homogeneous,
reactivity
is
being
revealed
a
heterogeneous
functionally
powerful
component
of
mammalian
innate
immunity.
Nevertheless,
concepts
about
what
comprises
it
does
incomplete
sometimes
controversial.
This
review
discusses
goal
differentiating
reactive
subtypes
states
based
on
composite
pictures
molecular
expression,
cell
morphology,
cellular
interactions,
proliferative
state,
normal
functions,
disease-induced
dysfunctions.
A
working
model
conceptual
framework
presented
for
characterizing
diversity
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
11
Published: July 8, 2020
The
interaction
between
microglia
and
astrocytes
significantly
influences
neuroinflammation.
Microglia/astrocytes,
part
of
the
neurovascular
unit
(NVU),
are
activated
by
various
brain
insults.
local
extracellular
intracellular
signals
determine
their
characteristics
switch
phenotypes.
Microglia
into
two
polarization
states:
pro-inflammatory
phenotype
(M1
A1)
anti-inflammatory
(M2
A2).
During
neuroinflammation,
induced
stroke
or
lipopolysaccharides,
more
sensitive
to
pathogens
damage,
thus
initially
M1
phenotype,
produce
common
inflammatory
such
as
IL-
1
TNF-α
trigger
reactive
A1
phenotype.
These
can
be
amplified
not
only
self-feedback
loop
microglial
activation,
but
also
unique
anatomy
structure
astrocytes.
As
pathology
further
progresses,
resulting
in
environmental
changes,
M1-like
M2
crosstalk
with
A2.
While
communicate
simultaneously
neurons
blood
vessels
maintain
function
blood-brain
barrier
(BBB),
subtle
changes
may
identified
responded
astrocytes,
possibly
transferred
microglia.
Although
both
have
different
functional
characteristics,
they
achieve
immune
"optimization"
through
mutual
communication
cooperation
NVU
build
a
cascaded
network
amplification.
