Control of Mammalian Locomotion by Somatosensory Feedback

Comprehensive physiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 2877 - 2947

Published: Dec. 29, 2021

When animals walk overground, mechanical stimuli activate various receptors located in muscles, joints, and skin. Afferents from these mechanoreceptors project to neuronal networks controlling locomotion the spinal cord brain. The dynamic interactions between control systems at different levels of neuraxis ensure that adjusts its environment meets task demands. In this article, we describe discuss essential contribution somatosensory feedback locomotion. We start with a discussion how biomechanical properties body affect feedback. follow types afferents their activity during then central projections locomotor modulation mechanisms. experimental approaches animal models used investigate by before providing an overview functional roles for Lastly, briefly role recovery after neurological injury. highlight fact is component highly integrated system control. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-71, 2021.

Language: Английский

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Grounding cognition: heterarchical control mechanisms in biology

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 376(1820), P. 20190751 - 20190751

Published: Jan. 25, 2021

We advance an account that grounds cognition, specifically decision-making, in activity all organisms as autonomous systems must perform to keep themselves viable—controlling their production mechanisms. Production mechanisms, we characterize them, activities such procuring resources from environment, putting these use construct and repair the organism's body moving through environment. Given variable nature of environment continual degradation organism, mechanisms be regulated by control select when a is required how it should carried out. To operate on need procure information measurement processes evaluate possible actions. They are making decisions. In organisms, decisions made multiple different organized not hierarchically but heterarchically. many cases, they employ internal models features with which organism deal. Cognition, form thus fundamental living This article part theme issue ‘Basal cognition: conceptual tools view single cell’.

Language: Английский

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Wide-Field Calcium Imaging of Dynamic Cortical Networks during Locomotion

Cerebral Cortex, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 32(12), P. 2668 - 2687

Published: Sept. 15, 2021

Motor behavior results in complex exchanges of motor and sensory information across cortical regions. Therefore, fully understanding the cerebral cortex's role requires a mesoscopic-level description regions engaged, their functional interactions, how these interactions change with behavioral state. Mesoscopic Ca2+ imaging through transparent polymer skulls mice reveals elevated activation dorsal cortex during locomotion. Using correlations between time series fluorescence from 28 (nodes) obtained using spatial independent component analysis (sICA), we examined changes connectivity rest to locomotion goal state that facilitate Both transitions show marked increases correlation among most nodes. However, once steady continued is reached, many nodes, including primary somatosensory decreases correlations, while retrosplenial anterior nodes secondary increases. These highlight cortex, representing on return rest.

Language: Английский

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Fetal movements: the origin of human behaviour

Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 63(10), P. 1142 - 1148

Published: May 10, 2021

The study of the onset and ontogeny human behaviour has made it clear that a multitude fetal movement patterns are spontaneously generated, there is close association between activity development peripheral central structures. embryo starts moving by 7.5 week’s gestation; 2 to 3 weeks later, number including general movements, isolated limb head hiccup, breathing appear. Some movements (e.g. yawning, smiling, ‘pointing’; we show these in eight videos this review) precede life‐long patterns; others have intrauterine functions, such as sucking/swallowing for amniotic fluid regulation, lung development, or eye retinal cell diversity. In cases developmental brain dysfunction, alter their sequence gestalt, which suggests dysfunction developing nervous system. scarcity longitudinal studies calls further comprehensive research on predictive value prenatal functional deviations. What paper adds Motor output can occur absence sensory input. Structural activity‐dependent. Fetal among first occur. Pregnancy‐related maternal factors impact quantity modulation movements. Prenatal assessment not yet brought expected breakthrough.

Language: Английский

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Evaluating the Brain Disease Model of Addiction

Routledge eBooks, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 4, 2022

Language: Английский

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Targeted activation of midbrain neurons restores locomotor function in mouse models of parkinsonism

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Jan. 26, 2022

Abstract The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a locomotor command area containing glutamatergic neurons that control initiation and maintenance. These motor actions are deficient in Parkinson’s disease (PD), where dopaminergic neurodegeneration alters basal ganglia activity. Being downstream of the ganglia, PPN may be suitable target for ameliorating parkinsonian symptoms. Here, we use vivo cell-type specific activation to restore function two mouse models parkinsonism made by acute pharmacological blockage dopamine transmission. With combination chemo- opto-genetics, show excitation caudal can normalize otherwise severe deficit PD, whereas targeting local GABAergic population only leads recovery slow locomotion. rescue driven independent activity nearby promoting Cuneiform neurons. Our observations point as potential neuromodulatory restoration PD.

Language: Английский

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Philosophy of Neuroscience

Published: Feb. 8, 2022

This Element provides a comprehensive introduction to philosophy of neuroscience. It covers such topics as how neuroscientists procure knowledge, including not just research techniques but the use various model organisms. presents examples knowledge acquired in neuroscience that are then employed discuss more philosophical nature explanations developed neuroscience, different conception levels discussions and invocation representations explanations. The text emphasizes importance brain processes beyond those neocortex explores what makes processing different. consider view nervous system consists control mechanisms considers arguments for hierarchical vs. heterarchical organization mechanisms. concludes by considering implications findings humans conceive themselves practices embracing norms.

Language: Английский

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Integration of feedforward and feedback control in the neuromechanics of vertebrate locomotion: a review of experimental, simulation and robotic studies

Journal of Experimental Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 226(15)

Published: Aug. 1, 2023

Animal locomotion is the result of complex and multi-layered interactions between nervous system, musculo-skeletal system environment. Decoding underlying mechanisms requires an integrative approach. Comparative experimental biology has allowed researchers to study components some their across diverse animals. These studies have shown that locomotor neural circuits are distributed in spinal cord, midbrain higher brain regions vertebrates. The cord plays a key role control because it contains central pattern generators (CPGs) - systems coupled neuronal oscillators provide coordinated rhythmic muscle activation can be viewed as feedforward controllers multiple reflex loops feedback mechanisms. activated modulated by descending pathways from brain. relative contributions CPGs, modulation, how these vary species conditions, remain poorly understood. Robots neuromechanical simulations complement approaches testing specific hypotheses performing what-if scenarios. This Review will give overview knowledge gained comparative vertebrate experiments, insights obtained robotic approaches. We suggest roles modulation among animals depending on body size, intrinsic mechanical stability, time required reach maturity speed effects. also hypothesize distal joints rely more compared with proximal joints. Finally, we highlight important opportunities address fundamental biological questions through continued collaboration experimentalists engineers.

Language: Английский

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Cell and circuit complexity of the external globus pallidus

Nature Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 26(7), P. 1147 - 1159

Published: June 19, 2023

Language: Английский

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Multiple switching and bifurcations of in-phase and anti-phase periodic orbits to chaotic coexistence in a delayed half-center CPG oscillator

Nonlinear Dynamics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 111(17), P. 16569 - 16584

Published: July 6, 2023

Language: Английский

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