Functional myelin in cognition and neurodevelopmental disorders

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 81(1)

Published: April 13, 2024

Abstract In vertebrates, oligodendrocytes (OLs) are glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS) responsible for formation myelin sheath that surrounds axons neurons. The plays a crucial role in transmission neuronal information by promoting rapid saltatory conduction action potentials and providing neurons with structural metabolic support. Saltatory conduction, first described peripheral (PNS), is now generally recognized as universal evolutionary innovation to respond quickly environment: helps us think act fast. Nevertheless, system, especially brain, may not be primarily focused on accelerating speed but rather ensuring precision. Its principal function could coordinate various networks, their synchronization through oscillations (or rhythms) relevant specific processing tasks. Interestingly, has been directly involved different types cognitive processes relying brain oscillations, plasticity currently considered part fundamental mechanisms memory maintenance. However, despite ample evidence showing involvement cognition neurodevelopmental disorders characterized impairments, link between myelin, disease yet fully understood. this review, we aim highlight what known remains explored understand high order processes.

Language: Английский

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Glial Perturbation in Metal Neurotoxicity: Implications for Brain Disorders

Neuroglia, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 6(1), P. 4 - 4

Published: Jan. 6, 2025

Overexposure of humans to heavy metals and essential poses a significant risk for the development neurological neurodevelopmental disorders. The mechanisms through which these exert their effects include generation reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunction, activation inflammatory pathways, disruption cellular signaling. function glial cells in brain maintenance homeostasis cannot be overlooked. are particularly susceptible metal-induced neurotoxicity. Accumulation promotes microglial activation, triggering responses that can coincide with other neurotoxicity, inducing alteration synaptic transmission, cognitive deficit, neuronal damage. In this review, we highlighted role dysfunction some selected neurodegenerative diseases We further dive into how exposure such as nickel, manganese, methyl mercury, cadmium, iron, arsenic, lead affect functions microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes they on relation Potential therapeutic interventions use new improved chelating agents antioxidant therapies might approach alleviating perturbations.

Language: Английский

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Microglia dysfunction, neurovascular inflammation and focal neuropathologies are linked to IL-1- and IL-6-related systemic inflammation in COVID-19

Nature Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 6, 2025

COVID-19 is associated with diverse neurological abnormalities, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesized that microglia, resident immune cells of brain, centrally involved in this process. To study this, we developed an autopsy platform allowing integration molecular anatomy, protein and mRNA datasets postmortem mirror blocks brain peripheral organ samples from cases COVID-19. observed focal loss microglial P2Y12R, CX3CR1-CX3CL1 axis deficits metabolic failure at sites virus-associated vascular inflammation severely affected medullary autonomic nuclei other areas. Microglial dysfunction linked to mitochondrial injury excessive synapse myelin phagocytosis glutamatergic terminals, line proteomic changes assembly, metabolism neuronal injury. Furthermore, regionally heterogeneous viral load central systemic related interleukin (IL)-1 or IL-6 via virus-sensing pattern recognition receptors inflammasomes. Thus, SARS-CoV-2-induced might lead a primarily gliovascular which could be common contributor COVID-19-related neuropathologies.

Language: Английский

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Role of EGFR in the Nervous System

Cells, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 9(8), P. 1887 - 1887

Published: Aug. 12, 2020

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the first discovered member of tyrosine kinase superfamily and plays a fundamental role during embryogenesis in adult tissues, being involved growth, differentiation, maintenance repair various tissues organs. The EGFR regulation tissue development homeostasis has been thoroughly investigated it also demonstrated that driver tumorigenesis. In nervous system, other factors, thus receptors, are important for differentiation tissue, namely neurotrophins receptors. For this reason, long time, system underestimated poorly investigated. However, expressed both central peripheral systems to have specific neurotrophic functions, particular system. This review discusses regulating functions neurons neuroglia. Furthermore, its involvement regeneration after injury onset neurodegenerative diseases examined.

Language: Английский

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Hypomyelinating leukodystrophies — unravelling myelin biology

Nature Reviews Neurology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 17(2), P. 88 - 103

Published: Dec. 15, 2020

Language: Английский

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