Physiology of Astroglia

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 98(1), P. 239 - 389

Published: Dec. 24, 2017

Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense the central nervous system (CNS). highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude receptors, channels, membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity defines functional maintenance CNS development aging. tightly integrated into networks act within context tissue; astrocytes control at all levels organization from molecular to whole organ.

Language: Английский

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Diversity of astrocyte functions and phenotypes in neural circuits

Nature Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 18(7), P. 942 - 952

Published: June 25, 2015

Language: Английский

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Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the astrocyte intermediate filament system in diseases of the central nervous system

Current Opinion in Cell Biology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 32, P. 121 - 130

Published: Feb. 1, 2015

Language: Английский

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Glia–neuron interactions in the mammalian retina

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 51, P. 1 - 40

Published: June 23, 2015

The mammalian retina provides an excellent opportunity to study glia–neuron interactions and the of glia with blood vessels. Three main types glial cells are found in that serve maintain retinal homeostasis: astrocytes, Müller resident microglia. cells, astrocytes microglia not only provide structural support but they also involved metabolism, phagocytosis neuronal debris, release certain transmitters trophic factors K+ uptake. Astrocytes mostly located nerve fibre layer accompany vessels inner nuclear layer. Indeed, like astrocytic processes cover forming barrier fulfil a significant role ion homeostasis. Among other activities, can be stimulated macrophage function, as well interact neurons by secreting growth factors. This review summarizes functional relationships between neurons, presenting general picture recently modified based on experimental observations. preferential involvement distinct terms activity is discussed, for example, while may progenitors responsible synaptic pruning. Since different participate together activities retina, it imperative explore order redundancy heterogeneity among these cells. Recent studies revealed association cell specific functions. Finally, neuroprotective effects photoreceptors ganglion under normal adverse conditions will explored.

Language: Английский

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Astrocyte roles in traumatic brain injury

Experimental Neurology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 275, P. 305 - 315

Published: April 5, 2015

Language: Английский

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Astrocytes: a central element in neurological diseases

Acta Neuropathologica, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 131(3), P. 323 - 345

Published: Dec. 15, 2015

Language: Английский

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Astrocyte Reactivity: Subtypes, States, and Functions in CNS Innate Immunity

Trends in Immunology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 41(9), P. 758 - 770

Published: Aug. 17, 2020

Astrocytes are neural parenchymal cells that ubiquitously tile the central nervous system (CNS). In addition to playing essential roles in healthy tissue, astrocytes exhibit an evolutionarily ancient response all CNS insults, referred as astrocyte reactivity. Long regarded passive and homogeneous, reactivity is being revealed a heterogeneous functionally powerful component of mammalian innate immunity. Nevertheless, concepts about what comprises it does incomplete sometimes controversial. This review discusses goal differentiating reactive subtypes states based on composite pictures molecular expression, cell morphology, cellular interactions, proliferative state, normal functions, disease-induced dysfunctions. A working model conceptual framework presented for characterizing diversity

Language: Английский

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Glial Cells and Their Function in the Adult Brain: A Journey through the History of Their Ablation

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Feb. 13, 2017

Glial cells, consisting of microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocyte lineage cells as their major components, constitute a large fraction the mammalian brain. Originally considered purely non-functional glue for neurons, decades research have highlighted importance well further functions glial cells. Although many aspects these are characterized nowadays, different populations in brain under both physiological pathological conditions remain, at least to certain extent, unresolved. To tackle important questions, broad range depletion approaches been developed which or (i.e. NG2-glia oligodendrocytes) specifically ablated from adult network with subsequent analysis consequences. As very heterogeneous, it is imperative ablate single cell instead inducing death all general. Thanks modern genetic manipulation methods, can now directly be targeted type interest making ablation more specific compared general that used earlier on. In this review we will give detailed summary on studies, focusing mouse central nervous system (CNS) functional readouts. We also provide an outlook how could exploited future.

Language: Английский

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Evidence for brain glial activation in chronic pain patients

Brain, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 138(3), P. 604 - 615

Published: Jan. 8, 2015

Although substantial evidence has established that microglia and astrocytes play a key role in the establishment maintenance of persistent pain animal models, glial cells human disorders remains unknown. Here, using novel technology integrated positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging recently developed radioligand (11)C-PBR28, we show increased brain levels translocator protein (TSPO), marker activation, patients with chronic low back pain. As Ala147Thr polymorphism TSPO gene affects binding affinity for nine patient-control pairs were identified from larger sample subjects screened genotyped, compared matched-pairs design, which each patient was matched to polymorphism-, age- sex-matched control subject (seven Ala/Ala two Ala/Thr, five males four females group; median age difference: 1 year; range: 29-63 28-65 controls). Standardized uptake values normalized whole significantly higher than controls multiple regions, including thalamus putative somatosensory representations lumbar spine leg. The thalamic negatively correlated clinical circulating proinflammatory citokine interleukin-6, suggesting expression exerts pain-protective/anti-inflammatory effects humans, as predicted by studies. Given activated glia or pain, present findings offer implications may serve guide future studies pathophysiology management variety conditions.

Language: Английский

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Effect of Chronic Oxidative Stress on Neuroinflammatory Response Mediated by CD4+T Cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: April 27, 2018

In a state of oxidative stress, there is an increase reactive species, which induce altered intracellular signaling, leading to dysregulation the inflammatory response. The inability antioxidant defense systems modulate proinflammatory response key onset and progression neurodegenerative diseases. aim this work review effect stress on loss regulation microglia astrocytes, induction different CD4+T cell populations in neuroinflammation, as well its role some For purpose, intentional search original articles, short communications, reviews, was carried out following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar. articles reviewed included period from 1997 2017. With evidence obtained, we conclude that redox balance induces alterations differentiation number subpopulations, Th1 Th17 This contributes development neuroinflammation diseases such Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), Multiple Sclerosis (MS). contrast, regulatory T cells (Tregs) Th2 cells, microglia, astrocytes. respect, it has been found mobilization with anti-inflammatory characteristics toward damaged regions CNS can provide neuroprotection become therapeutic strategy control processes neurodegeneration.

Language: Английский

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