Physiology of Astroglia

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 98(1), P. 239 - 389

Published: Dec. 24, 2017

Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense the central nervous system (CNS). highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude receptors, channels, membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity defines functional maintenance CNS development aging. tightly integrated into networks act within context tissue; astrocytes control at all levels organization from molecular to whole organ.

Language: Английский

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Diversity of astrocyte functions and phenotypes in neural circuits

Nature Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 18(7), P. 942 - 952

Published: June 25, 2015

Language: Английский

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Insulin Action in Brain Regulates Systemic Metabolism and Brain Function

Diabetes, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 63(7), P. 2232 - 2243

Published: June 14, 2014

Insulin receptors, as well IGF-1 receptors and their postreceptor signaling partners, are distributed throughout the brain. acts on these to modulate peripheral metabolism, including regulation of appetite, reproductive function, body temperature, white fat mass, hepatic glucose output, response hypoglycemia. also modulates neurotransmitter channel activity, brain cholesterol synthesis, mitochondrial function. Disruption insulin action in leads impairment neuronal function synaptogenesis. In addition, phosphorylation tau protein, an early component development Alzheimer disease. Thus, alterations can contribute metabolic syndrome, mood disorders neurodegenerative diseases.

Language: Английский

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The Indispensable Roles of Microglia and Astrocytes during Brain Development

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Nov. 8, 2016

Glia are essential for brain functioning during development and in the adult brain. Here, we discuss various roles of both microglia astrocytes, their interactions development. Although cells fundamentally different origin function, they often affect same developmental processes such as neuro-/gliogenesis, angiogenesis, axonal outgrowth, synaptogenesis synaptic pruning. Due to important instructive these processes, dysfunction or astrocytes could contribute neurodevelopmental disorders potentially even late-onset neuropathology. A better understanding origin, differentiation process functions will help fully appreciate role developing well brain, health disease.

Language: Английский

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Astrocytes, neurons, synapses: a tripartite view on cortical circuit development

Neural Development, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: April 30, 2018

In the mammalian cerebral cortex neurons are arranged in specific layers and form connections both within with other brain regions, thus forming a complex mesh of specialized synaptic comprising distinct circuits. The correct establishment these during development is crucial for proper function brain. Astrocytes, major type glial cell, important regulators synapse formation development. While neurogenesis precedes astrogenesis cortex, neuronal synapses only begin to after astrocytes have been generated, concurrent branching process elaboration. Here we provide combined overview developmental processes circuit rodent emphasizing timeline astrocytic maturation. We further discuss role at synapse, focusing on astrocyte-synapse contact synapse-related proteins promoting cortical

Language: Английский

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Astrocyte morphology: Diversity, plasticity, and role in neurological diseases

CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 25(6), P. 665 - 673

Published: March 30, 2019

Summary Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in central nervous system (CNS) and participate synaptic, circuit, behavioral functions. The well‐developed protoplasmic astrocytes contain numerous processes forming well‐delineated bushy territories that overlap by as little 5% at their boundaries. This highly complex morphology, with up to approximately 80% of cell's membrane constituted fine dimensions on tens nanometer scale high surface area volume ratios, comes contact synapses, blood vessels, other cells. Recent progress is challenging conventional view morphologically homogeneous throughout brain; instead, they display circuit‐ region‐specific morphological diversity may contribute heterogeneous astrocyte‐neuron spatiotemporal interplay different brain areas. Further, structure found be plastic activity‐dependent. We beginning understand how astrocyte structural plasticity contributes change/loss traditionally known a hallmark for reactive astrogliosis, common pathological feature many neurological disorders. However, recent data suggest deficits preceding astrogliosis drive disease progression. review summarizes advances diversity, plasticity, disease‐related deficits.

Language: Английский

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Astrocytes: Orchestrating synaptic plasticity?

Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 323, P. 43 - 61

Published: April 9, 2015

Language: Английский

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The role of astrocyte structural plasticity in regulating neural circuit function and behavior

Glia, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 70(8), P. 1467 - 1483

Published: May 10, 2022

Abstract Brain circuits undergo substantial structural changes during development, driven by the formation, stabilization, and elimination of synapses. Synaptic connections continue to experience‐dependent rearrangements throughout life, which are postulated underlie learning memory. Astrocytes, a major glial cell type in brain, physically contact with synaptic through their ensheathment Astrocytes strongly contribute remodeling structures healthy diseased central nervous systems regulating connectivity behaviors. However, whether plasticity astrocytes is involved critical functions at synapse unknown. This review will discuss emerging evidence linking astrocytic circuit regulation Moreover, we survey possible molecular cellular mechanisms non‐cell‐autonomous effects on neuronal plasticity. Finally, how astrocyte morphological different physiological states disease conditions function dysfunction.

Language: Английский

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Effects of sleep and wake on astrocytes: clues from molecular and ultrastructural studies

BMC Biology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Aug. 24, 2015

Astrocytes can mediate neurovascular coupling, modulate neuronal excitability, and promote synaptic maturation remodeling. All these functions are likely to be modulated by the sleep/wake cycle, because brain metabolism, activity turnover change as a function of behavioral state. Yet, little is known about effects sleep wake on astrocytes. Here we show that strongly affect both astrocytic gene expression ultrastructure in mouse brain. Using translating ribosome affinity purification technology microarrays, find 1.4 % all transcripts forebrain dependent state (three groups, sleep, wake, short deprivation; six mice per group). Sleep upregulates few select genes, like Cirp Uba1, whereas many genes related extracellular matrix cytoskeleton, including Trio, Synj2 Gem, which involved elongation peripheral processes. serial block face scanning electron microscopy deprivation, chronic restriction; three group, >100 spines mouse, 3D), hours sufficient bring processes closer cleft, while restriction also extends overall coverage synapse, at axon–spine interface, increases available surface neuropil. Wake-related changes reflect an increased need for glutamate clearance, consistent with increase strength when prevented. The reduced during instead, may favor spillover, thus promoting synchronization non-rapid eye movement sleep.

Language: Английский

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The Astrocyte: Powerhouse and Recycling Center

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. a020396 - a020396

Published: Feb. 13, 2015

Bruno Weber1 and L. Felipe Barros2 1University of Zürich, Institute Pharmacology Toxicology, 8057 Switzerland 2Centro de Estudios Científicos, Casilla 1469, Valdivia, Chile Correspondence: bweber{at}pharma.uzh.ch; fbarros{at}cecs.cl

Language: Английский

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