What is the Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition? A Changing Ecosystem across Age, Environment, Diet, and Diseases

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 7(1), P. 14 - 14

Published: Jan. 10, 2019

Each individual is provided with a unique gut microbiota profile that plays many specific functions in host nutrient metabolism, maintenance of structural integrity the mucosal barrier, immunomodulation, and protection against pathogens. Gut are composed different bacteria species taxonomically classified by genus, family, order, phyla. human's shaped early life as their composition depends on infant transitions (birth gestational date, type delivery, methods milk feeding, weaning period) external factors such antibiotic use. These personal healthy core native remain relatively stable adulthood but differ between individuals due to enterotypes, body mass index (BMI) level, exercise frequency, lifestyle, cultural dietary habits. Accordingly, there not optimal since it for each individual. However, host⁻microorganism balance must be respected order optimally perform metabolic immune prevent disease development. This review will provide an overview studies focus balances same highlight close mutualistic relationship variations diseases. Indeed, dysbiosis associated only intestinal disorders also numerous extra-intestinal diseases neurological disorders. Understanding cause or consequence these health how maintain restore should useful developing promising therapeutic interventions.

Language: Английский

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The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio: A Relevant Marker of Gut Dysbiosis in Obese Patients?

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(5), P. 1474 - 1474

Published: May 19, 2020

The gut microbiota is emerging as a promising target for the management or prevention of inflammatory and metabolic disorders in humans. Many current research efforts are focused on identification specific microbial signatures, more particularly those associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases. Some studies have described that obese animals humans exhibits higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio compared normal-weight individuals, proposing this an eventual biomarker. Accordingly, frequently cited scientific literature hallmark obesity. aim present review was to discuss validity potential marker, based great amount contradictory results reported literature. Such discrepancies might be explained by existence interpretative bias generated methodological differences sample processing DNA sequence analysis, generally poor characterization recruited subjects and, particularly, lack consideration lifestyle-associated factors known affect composition and/or diversity. For these reasons, it currently difficult associate determined health status specifically consider

Language: Английский

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Colonocyte metabolism shapes the gut microbiota

Science, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 362(6418)

Published: Nov. 30, 2018

Metabolic regulation of microbiota The gut affects human health, but we are only just beginning to develop a mechanistic understanding some the host-microbe interactions involved. Litvak et al. review how host colon epithelial cells mediate symbiosis. Healthy colonocytes maintain anaerobic conditions in lumen because their metabolism ensures rapid oxygen consumption. Such select for obligate organisms. These tend be those that consume dietary fiber and produce short-chain fatty acids beneficial host. If there is shift colonocyte metabolism—because disease, diet, or other damage—the epithelium becomes oxygenated. presence allows expansion facultative aerobic Microbes genera include pathogens often oxygen-tolerant, dysbiosis can result. Science , this issue p. eaat9076

Language: Английский

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Food Components and Dietary Habits: Keys for a Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 11(10), P. 2393 - 2393

Published: Oct. 7, 2019

The gut microbiota is a changing ecosystem, containing trillions of bacteria, continuously shaped by many factors, such as dietary habits, seasonality, lifestyle, stress, antibiotics use, or diseases. A healthy host–microorganisms balance must be respected in order to optimally maintain the intestinal barrier and immune system functions and, consequently, prevent disease development. In past several decades, adoption modern habits has become growing health concern, it strongly associated with obesity related metabolic diseases, promoting inflammation both structural behavioral changes microbiota. this context, novel strategies are emerging diseases health. However, consequences these different diets on modulation still largely unknown, could potentially lead alterations microbiota, barrier, system. present review aimed focus impact single food components (macronutrients micronutrients), salt, additives, (i.e., vegan vegetarian, gluten-free, ketogenic, high sugar, low FODMAP, Western-type, Mediterranean diets) composition define optimal diet for

Language: Английский

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The Potential of Gut Commensals in Reinforcing Intestinal Barrier Function and Alleviating Inflammation

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 10(8), P. 988 - 988

Published: July 29, 2018

The intestinal microbiota, composed of pro- and anti-inflammatory microbes, has an essential role in maintaining gut homeostasis functionality. An overly hygienic lifestyle, consumption processed fiber-poor foods, or antibiotics are major factors modulating the microbiota possibly leading to longstanding dysbiosis. Dysbiotic is characterized have altered composition, reduced diversity stability, as well increased levels lipopolysaccharide-containing, proinflammatory bacteria. Specific commensal species novel probiotics, so-called next-generation could restore health by means attenuating inflammation strengthening epithelial barrier. In this review we summarize latest findings considering beneficial effects promising commensals across all phyla. These include already well-known bifidobacteria, which use extracellular structures secreted substances promote health. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia intestinalis, Eubacterium hallii metabolize dietary fibers short-chain fatty acid producers providing energy sources for enterocytes achieving gut. Akkermansia muciniphila exerts action metabolic diseases fortifies barrier function. health-promoting Bacteroides relatively recently discovered with excreted immunomodulatory molecules. promising, unconventional probiotics be a part biotherapeutic strategies future.

Language: Английский

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Shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in feces and urine and its potential role in person-to-person transmission and the environment-based spread of COVID-19

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 749, P. 141364 - 141364

Published: July 31, 2020

Language: Английский

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The Gut Microbiome, Aging, and Longevity: A Systematic Review

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(12), P. 3759 - 3759

Published: Dec. 7, 2020

Aging is determined by complex interactions among genetic and environmental factors. Increasing evidence suggests that the gut microbiome lies at core of many age-associated changes, including immune system dysregulation susceptibility to diseases. The microbiota undergoes extensive changes across lifespan, age-related processes may influence its related metabolic alterations. aim this systematic review was summarize current literature on aging-associated alterations in diversity, composition, functional features microbiota. We identified 27 empirical human studies normal successful aging suitable for inclusion. Alpha diversity microbial taxa, pathways, metabolites higher older adults, particularly oldest-old compared younger individuals. Beta distances significantly differed various developmental stages were different even between younger-old adults. Differences taxonomic composition potential varied studies, but Akkermansia most consistently reported be relatively more abundant with aging, whereas Faecalibacterium, Bacteroidaceae, Lachnospiraceae reduced. Older adults have reduced pathways carbohydrate metabolism amino acid synthesis; however, exhibited differences distinguished their from young-old such as greater short-chain fatty production increased butyrate derivatives. Although a definitive interpretation limited cross-sectional design published reports, we integrated findings downstream metabolites, offering possible explanations regarding processes.

Language: Английский

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Nutritional Components in Western Diet Versus Mediterranean Diet at the Gut Microbiota–Immune System Interplay. Implications for Health and Disease

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(2), P. 699 - 699

Published: Feb. 22, 2021

The most prevalent diseases of our time, non-communicable (NCDs) (including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and some types cancer) are rising worldwide. All them share the condition an “inflammatory disorder”, with impaired immune functions frequently caused or accompanied by alterations in gut microbiota. These multifactorial maladies also have common malnutrition related to physiopathology. In this context, diet is greatest modulator system–microbiota crosstalk, much interest, new challenges, arising area precision nutrition as a way towards treatment prevention. It fact that westernized (WD) partly responsible for increased prevalence NCDs, negatively affecting both microbiota system. Conversely, other nutritional approaches, such Mediterranean (MD), positively influence system microbiota, proposed not only potential tool clinical management different disease conditions, but prevention health promotion globally. Thus, purpose review determine regulatory role components WD MD interplay, order understand, create awareness of, over key components.

Language: Английский

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Tryptophan Metabolism by Gut Microbiome and Gut-Brain-Axis: An in silico Analysis

Frontiers in Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Dec. 18, 2019

The link between gut microbiome and brain is being slowly acknowledged due to the speculated role of resident microbial community in altering functions gut-brain axis (GBA). Recently, a number metabolites (referred as neuro-active metabolites) produced through tryptophan metabolism have been suggested influence GBA. In view this, current study focuses on pathways which produce metabolites. An silico analysis was performed bacterial genomes well publicly available data. results provide comprehensive catalog analyzed across bacteria. indicates an enrichment five gut-associated phyla, namely, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria. Further, genera, Clostridium, Burkholderia, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Bacillus predicted be enriched terms pathways, suggesting higher potential these groups metabolize gut. Analysis data corresponding samples from patients neurological diseases healthy individuals suggests probable association different sets metabolizing with etiology diseases. insights obtained present are expected directions toward designing based diagnostic therapeutic approaches for diseases/disorders.

Language: Английский

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Gut microbiota, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer

World Journal of Gastroenterology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 28(30), P. 4053 - 4060

Published: Aug. 9, 2022

The gut microbiota is a complex community of microorganisms that inhabit the digestive tracts humans, living in symbiosis with host. Dysbiosis, characterized by an imbalance between beneficial and opportunistic microbiota, associated several gastrointestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); inflammatory disease (IBD), represented ulcerative colitis Crohn's disease; colorectal cancer (CRC). Dysbiosis can disrupt mucosal barrier, resulting perpetuation inflammation carcinogenesis. increase some specific groups harmful bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli) enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF), has been chronic tissue release pro-inflammatory carcinogenic mediators, increasing chance developing CRC, following inflammation-dysplasia-cancer sequence IBD patients. Therefore, aim present review was to analyze correlation changes development maintenance IBD, IBD-associated CRC. Patients CRC have shown reduced bacterial diversity abundance compared healthy individuals, enrichment Firmicute sand Bacteroidetes. Specific bacteria are also onset progression Fusobacterium nucleatum, E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus gallolyticus, ETBF. Future research evaluate advantages modulating preventive measures high-risk patients, directly affecting prognosis quality life

Language: Английский

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