Frontiers in Endocrinology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
12
Published: Aug. 24, 2021
The
important
involvement
of
the
suprachiasmatic
nucleus
(SCN)
and
activity
vasopressinergic
neurons
in
maintaining
rhythmicity
female
reproductive
system
depends
on
mRNA
transcription-translation
feedback
loops.
Therefore,
circadian
clock
function,
like
most
physiological
processes,
is
involved
events
that
determine
aging.
This
study
describes
change
expression
genes,
Per2
,
Bmal1
Rev-erbα
hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal
axis
(HPG)
rats
with
regular
cycle
(RC)
irregular
(IC),
SCN
kisspeptin
arcuate
(ARC)
these
animals.
Results
for
gonadotropins
cFos/AVP-ir
IC
were
higher,
but
kisspeptin-ir
was
minor.
Change
temporal
synchrony
HPG
axis,
during
period
prior
to
cessation
ovulatory
cycles,
identified.
analysis
adult
rodents
shows
regularity
estrous
guaranteed
by
alternation
amount
Bmal
1
between
light
dark
phases,
which
ceases
occur
contributes
determining
senescence.
These
results
showed
desynchronization
central
peripheral
clocks
irregularity
events.
We
suggest
loops
genes
modulate
spontaneous
transition
from
acyclicity
rodents.
Cells,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
11(7), P. 1146 - 1146
Published: March 28, 2022
Kisspeptin
(KP)
and
kisspeptin
receptor
(KPR)
are
essential
for
the
onset
of
puberty,
development
gonads,
maintenance
gonadal
function
in
both
males
females.
Hypothalamic
KPs
KPR
display
a
high
degree
sexual
dimorphism
expression
function.
act
on
gonadotropin
releasing
hormone
(GnRH)
neurons
induce
distinct
patterns
GnRH
secretion
acts
anterior
pituitary
to
secrete
gonadotropins,
which
required
steroidogenesis
gametogenesis
testes
ovaries.
Gonadal
steroid
hormones
turn
regulate
KP
neurons.
inhibit
within
arcuate
nucleus
generate
pulsatile
mediated
(GPN)
sexes.
However,
numbers
anteroventral
periventricular
preoptic
area
greater
females,
release
large
amount
response
estrogen
level
preovulatory
GPN
surge.
In
addition
hypothalamus,
also
expressed
various
extrahypothalamic
tissues
including
liver,
pancreas,
fat,
gonads.
There
is
remarkable
difference
circulating
levels
between
An
increased
females
can
be
linked
female
hypothalamus
more
production
ovaries
adipose
tissues.
Although
sexually
dimorphic
features
well
characterized
hypothalamic
KPs,
very
little
known
about
KPs.
This
review
article
summarizes
current
knowledge
regarding
as
system
primates
rodents.
PLoS ONE,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
19(7), P. e0303573 - e0303573
Published: July 11, 2024
Fibromyalgia
(FM)
is
a
central
disorder
characterized
by
chronic
pain,
fatigue,
insomnia,
depression,
and
other
minor
symptoms.
Knowledge
about
pathogenesis
lacking,
diagnosis
difficult,
clinical
approach
puzzling,
patient
management
disappointing.
We
conducted
theoretical
study
based
on
literature
data
computational
analysis,
aimed
at
developing
comprehensive
model
of
FM
addressing
suitable
therapeutic
targets.
started
from
the
evidence
that
must
involve
dysregulation
pain
processing,
female
prevalent,
suggesting
role
for
hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal
(HPG)
axis,
stress-related,
HP-adrenocortical
(HPA)
axis.
Central
was
supposed
to
processing
loop
system
including
thalamic
ventroposterolateral
nucleus
(VPL),
primary
somatosensory
cortex
(SSC),
reticular
(TRN).
For
decreasing
GABAergic
and/or
increasing
glutamatergic
transmission,
crosses
bifurcation
point,
switching
monostable
bistable,
converging
high-firing-rate
steady
state
be
pathogenic
condition.
Thereafter,
we
showed
transmission
positively
correlated
with
gonadal-hormone-derived
neurosteroids,
notably
allopregnanolone,
whereas
stress-induced
glucocorticoids,
cortisol.
Finally,
built
dynamic
describing
multistable,
double-inhibitory
between
HPG
HPA
axes.
This
has
high-HPA/low-HPG
state,
allegedly
reached
in
females
under
combined
premenstrual/postpartum
brain
allopregnanolone
withdrawal
stress
condition,
driving
thalamocortical
explaining
connection
endocrine
neural
mechanisms
pathogenesis.
Our
accounts
prevalence
correlation,
use
neurosteroid
drugs
as
possible
solution
currently
unsolved
problems
treatment
disease.
Endocrinology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
163(2)
Published: Dec. 30, 2021
Abstract
For
billions
of
years
before
electric
light
was
invented,
life
on
Earth
evolved
under
the
pattern
during
day
and
darkness
night.
Through
evolution,
nearly
all
organisms
internalized
temporal
rhythm
Earth’s
24-hour
rotation
self-sustaining
biological
clocks
with
a
~24-hour
rhythm.
These
internal
rhythms
are
called
circadian
rhythms,
molecular
constituents
that
generate
them
clocks.
Alignment
environmental
light-dark
optimizes
physiology
behavior.
This
phenomenon
is
particularly
true
for
reproductive
function,
in
which
seasonal
breeders
use
length
information
to
time
yearly
changes
fertility.
However,
it
becoming
increasingly
clear
light-induced
disruption
can
negatively
impact
fertility
nonseasonal
as
well.
In
particular,
luteinizing
hormone
surge
promoting
ovulation
sensitive
disruption.
this
review,
we
will
summarize
our
current
understanding
neuronal
networks
underlie
surge.
Journal of Neuroendocrinology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
36(10)
Published: April 12, 2024
Abstract
It
has
now
been
about
a
century
since
flurry
of
discoveries
identified
first
the
pituitary,
then
more
specifically
anterior
pituitary
and
soon
thereafter
central
nervous
system
as
components
regulating
gonadal
downstream
reproductive
functions.
This
was
an
era
ablation/replacement
designs
using
at
rudimentary
increasingly
pure
preparations
“activities”
or
transplanting
actual
glands,
whole
homogenized,
among
subjects.
There
was,
course,
controversy
is
typical
lively
productive
scientific
debates
to
this
day.
The
goals
commentary
are
briefly
review
history
work
how
terms
referring
interactions
hypothalamo
(as
neural
component
associated
with)–pituitary–gonadal
(HPG)
axis
evolved,
question
if
current
used
have
kept
up
with
our
understanding
system.
focus
in
will
be
actions
estradiol
primarily
upon
hypothalamus.
Important
progesterone
on
hypothalamus
well
both
steroids
response
hypothalamic
factors
acknowledged
largely
ignored
document,
any
sex
differences
we
females.
eNeuro,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
11(10), P. ENEURO.0271 - 23.2024
Published: Oct. 1, 2024
Estrogens
act
through
nuclear
and
membrane-initiated
signaling.
Estrogen
receptor
alpha
(ERα)
is
critical
for
reproduction,
but
the
relative
contribution
of
its
membrane
signaling
to
central
regulation
reproduction
unclear.
To
address
this
question,
two
complementary
approaches
were
used:
estetrol
(E
4
)
a
natural
estrogen
acting
as
an
agonist
ERs,
antagonist
their
fraction,
C451A-ERα
mouse
lacking
mERα.
E
dose-
dependently
blocks
ovulation
in
female
rats,
mechanism
underlying
effect
unknown.
determine
whether
acts
centrally
control
ovulation,
was
tested
on
positive
feedback
estradiol
2
neural
circuits
luteinizing
hormone
(LH)
secretion.
In
ovariectomized
females
chronically
exposed
low
dose
,
benzoate
(EB)
alone
or
combined
with
progesterone
(P)
induced
increase
number
kisspeptin
(Kp)
gonadotropin-releasing
(GnRH)
neurons
coexpressing
Fos,
marker
neuronal
activation.
blocked
these
effects
EB,
not
when
P.
These
results
indicate
that
induction
absence
P,
suggesting
antagonistic
mERα
brain
shown
peripheral
tissues.
parallel,
opposed
wild-type
females,
did
show
activation
Kp
GnRH
response
EB
unless
they
are
treated
Together
support
role
circuit
mediating
LH
surge.
