Role of C-Reactive Protein at Sites of Inflammation and Infection

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: April 13, 2018

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute inflammatory that increases up to 1,000-fold at sites of infection or inflammation. CRP produced as a homopentameric protein, termed native (nCRP), which can irreversibly dissociate inflammation and into five separate monomers, monomeric (mCRP). synthesized primarily in liver hepatocytes but also by smooth muscle cells, macrophages, endothelial lymphocytes, adipocytes. Evidence suggests estrogen the form hormone replacement therapy influences levels elderly. Having been traditionally utilized marker cardiovascular events, there now growing evidence plays important roles processes host responses including complement pathway, apoptosis, phagocytosis, nitric oxide (NO) release, production cytokines, particularly interleukin-6 tumor necrosis factor-α. Unlike more recent publications, findings early work on seem somewhat unclear times conflicting since it was often not specified particular isoform measured experiments whether attributed nCRP were fact possibly due dissociation mCRP lipopolysaccharide contamination. In addition, antibodies for are commercially available, few laboratories able conduct studies investigating isoform. Despite these issues most research date has focused vascular disorders, mounting isoforms have distinct biological properties, with exhibiting anti-inflammatory activities compared mCRP. The activates classical induces promotes apoptosis. On other hand, chemotaxis recruitment circulating leukocytes areas delay opposing directions inhibit induce NO production, respectively. terms pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-8 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 whereas no detectable effect their levels. Further needed expand emerging fully characterize differential each local infection.

Language: Английский

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Implications of macrophage polarization in autoimmunity

Immunology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 154(2), P. 186 - 195

Published: Feb. 18, 2018

Macrophages are extremely heterogeneous and plastic cells with an important role not only in physiological conditions, but also during inflammation (both for initiation resolution). In the early 1990s, two different phenotypes of macrophages were described: one them called classically activated (or inflammatory) (M1) other alternatively wound-healing) (M2). Currently, it is known that functional polarization into groups over-simplified description macrophage heterogeneity plasticity; indeed, necessary to consider a continuum states. Overall, current available data indicate multifactorial process which huge number factors can be involved producing activation scenarios. Once adopts phenotype, still retains ability continue changing response new environmental influences. The reversibility has critical therapeutic value, especially diseases M1/M2 imbalance plays pathogenic role. this review, we assess high plasticity their potential exploited reduce chronic/detrimental inflammation. On whole, evidence detailed review underscores as target interest immunotherapy.

Language: Английский

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Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: May 22, 2023

Abstract Macrophages exist in various tissues, several body cavities, and around mucosal surfaces are a vital part of the innate immune system for host defense against many pathogens cancers. possess binary M1/M2 macrophage polarization settings, which perform central role an array tasks via intrinsic signal cascades and, therefore, must be precisely regulated. Many crucial questions about signaling modulation yet to uncovered. In addition, clinical importance tumor-associated macrophages is becoming more widely recognized as significant progress has been made understanding their biology. Moreover, they integral tumor microenvironment, playing regulation wide variety processes including angiogenesis, extracellular matrix transformation, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, immunosuppression, resistance chemotherapeutic checkpoint blockade immunotherapies. Herein, we discuss signaling, mechanical stresses modulation, metabolic pathways, mitochondrial transcriptional, epigenetic regulation. Furthermore, have broadly extended traps essential roles autophagy aging regulating functions. discussed recent advances macrophages-mediated autoimmune diseases tumorigenesis. Lastly, targeted therapy portray prospective targets therapeutic strategies health diseases.

Language: Английский

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Macrophage polarization and function with emphasis on the evolving roles of coordinated regulation of cellular signaling pathways

Cellular Signalling, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 26(2), P. 192 - 197

Published: Nov. 9, 2013

Language: Английский

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Macrophages: Their role, activation and polarization in pulmonary diseases

Immunobiology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 223(4-5), P. 383 - 396

Published: Nov. 12, 2017

Language: Английский

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Pulmonary macrophages: key players in the innate defence of the airways

Thorax, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 70(12), P. 1189 - 1196

Published: Aug. 18, 2015

Macrophages are the most numerous immune-cells present in lung environment under homoeostatic conditions and ideally positioned to dictate innate defence of airways. Pulmonary macrophage populations heterogeneous demonstrate remarkable plasticity, owing variations origin, tissue residency environmental influences. Lung diversity facilitates considerable specialisation, aids efficient responses signals allows rapid alterations phenotype physiology response a plethora cytokines microbial signals. This review describes pulmonary origins, phenotypes, roles diseases airways implications for treatment respiratory disease.

Language: Английский

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A review of the mitochondrial and glycolytic metabolism in human platelets and leukocytes: Implications for their use as bioenergetic biomarkers

Redox Biology, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 2, P. 206 - 210

Published: Jan. 1, 2014

The assessment of metabolic function in cells isolated from human blood for treatment and diagnosis disease is a new important area translational research. It now becoming clear that broad range pathologies which present clinically with symptoms predominantly one organ, such as the brain or kidney, also modulate mitochondrial energetics platelets leukocytes allowing these to serve "the canary coal mine" bioenergetic dysfunction. This opens up possibility circulating can sense stress patients biomarkers dysfunction diabetes, neurodegeneration cardiovascular disease. In this overview we will describe how utilization glycolysis oxidative phosphorylation differs discuss they be used patient populations. Since it programs between are fundamentally distinct measurement cell populations necessary

Language: Английский

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The Bioenergetic Health Index: a new concept in mitochondrial translational research

Clinical Science, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 127(6), P. 367 - 373

Published: May 29, 2014

Bioenergetics has become central to our understanding of pathological mechanisms, the development new therapeutic strategies and as a biomarker for disease progression in neurodegeneration, diabetes, cancer cardiovascular disease. A key concept is that mitochondrion can act ‘canary coal mine’ by serving an early warning bioenergetic crisis patient populations. We propose clinical tests monitor changes bioenergetics populations are needed take advantage sensitive ability determine severity complex multifactorial diseases. With recent high-throughput assays measure cellular energetic function small number cells be isolated from human blood these now feasible. have shown sequential addition well-characterized inhibitors oxidative phosphorylation allows profile measured normal or samples. From data we single value–the Bioenergetic Health Index (BHI)–can calculated represent patient's composite mitochondrial selected cell type. In present Hypothesis paper, discuss how BHI could serve dynamic index health it platelets leucocytes. that, ultimately, potential assessing with both prognostic diagnostic value.

Language: Английский

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Cardiac macrophage biology in the steady-state heart, the aging heart, and following myocardial infarction

Translational research, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 191, P. 15 - 28

Published: Oct. 14, 2017

Macrophages play critical roles in homeostatic maintenance of the myocardium under normal conditions and tissue repair after injury. In steady-state heart, resident cardiac macrophages remove senescent dying cells facilitate electrical conduction. aging shift macrophage phenotype to a proinflammatory subtype leads inflammaging. Following myocardial infarction (MI), recruited infarct produce both anti-inflammatory mediators (cytokines, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases, growth factors), phagocytize dead cells, promote angiogenesis scar formation. These diverse properties are attributed distinct subtypes polarization status. Infarct exhibit M1 early become polarized toward an M2 later post-MI. Although this classification system is oversimplified needs be refined accommodate multiple different that have been recently identified, general concepts on independent classification. This review summarizes current knowledge about origins, roles, phenotypes steady state, with aging, MI, as well highlights outstanding areas investigation.

Language: Английский

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Anti-inflammatory and M2 macrophage polarization-promoting effect of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes

International Immunopharmacology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 97, P. 107823 - 107823

Published: June 5, 2021

Language: Английский

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