Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age

Trends in Neurosciences, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 37(1), P. 1 - 9

Published: Nov. 25, 2013

•Photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) regulate behavior and physiology.•ipRGCs use melanopsin-dependent intrinsic light responses rod/cone inputs.•The relative contribution of each photoreceptor to evoked is not fully understood.•A method for quantifying presented that accounts complex photoreceptive inputs.•Guidance those designing architectural therapeutic lighting provided. Light a potent stimulus regulating circadian, hormonal, behavioral systems. In addition, therapy effective certain affective disorders, sleep problems, circadian rhythm disruption. These biological effects are influenced by distinct in the eye, melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGCs), addition conventional rods cones. We summarize neurophysiology this newly described sensory pathway consider implications measurement, production, application light. A new light-measurement strategy taking account inputs these non-visual proposed researchers, simple suggestions artificial/architectural provided regulatory authorities, manufacturers, designers, engineers. During past three decades, empirical evidence has demonstrated many aspects human physiology illumination [1Aschoff J. Biological Rhythms (Handbook Behavioral Neurobiology No. 4). Plenum, 1981Google Scholar, 2Wurtman R.J. et al.The Medical Effects Light. The New York Academy Sciences, 1985Google 3Wetterberg L. Man. Pergamon Press, 1993Google 4Lam R.W. Beyond Seasonal Affective Disorder: Treatment SAD non-SAD Disorders. American Psychiatric 1996Google Scholar]. Such originate eye but separate from other vision insofar as they unrelated particular spatial patterns exposure, can survive even some blind subjects. Consequently, types have been commonly referred non-image-forming or non-visual. catch-all terms encompass wide array response types. most influential light-induced phase resetting endogenous clocks. Because rhythmicity feature nearly every physiological, metabolic, system, phenomenon brings processes under indirect control. this, term come growing list more acute together ensure day-like physiological state. Thus, example, constricts pupil, suppresses pineal melatonin increases heart rate core body temperature, stimulates cortisol acts neurophysiological stimulant (increasing subjective objective measures alertness psychomotor reaction time, reducing lapses attention). Appreciation basic biology led development number applications. shown anti-depressant properties, particularly treatment seasonal disorder (SAD) its subclinical variant sSAD [3Wetterberg Appropriately timed exposure also developed circadian-rhythm disorders disruption associated with jetlag, shift work, space flight. Finally, explored non-seasonal depression, menstrual-cycle-related bulimia nervosa, cognitive fatigue problems senile dementia, chemotherapy, traumatic brain injury 5Tuunainen A. al.Light depression.Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2004; 2: 1-83Google 6J. Biol. Rhythms. 2005; 20: 279-386Crossref PubMed Scopus (177) Google on evolved over millennia which environmental reliable indicator time day. advent electrical disrupted relationship, now reflecting personal tastes social pressures. It important therefore incorporated into considerations design. one might ask what extent given replicates natural daylight; how could be employed minimize deleterious shiftwork while promoting safety; optimized. industry academic researchers started address [7CIE Ocular Lighting Human Physiology Behaviour. Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage, 2009Google 8IES Health: An Overview Impact Optical Radiation Visual, Circadian, Neuroendocrine Neurobehavioural Responses. Illuminating Engineering Society North America, 2008Google 9DIN Physics – Part 100: Non-visual Beings Quantities, Symbols Action Spectra. Deutsches Institut fur Normung, Progress endeavors, however, first requires appropriate quantification impacts behavior. There two broad categories measurement techniques: radiometry photometry [10DiLaura D.L. al.Lighting Handbook. Reference Application.10th ed. 2011Google Radiometry based characterizing physical properties wavelength energy. radiometer quantifies radiant power defined bandwidth electromagnetic Photometry specialized branch takes fact photoreceptors equally sensitive at all wavelengths. photometer uses filters weight detector different wavelengths according spectral sensitivity an aspect vision. Most commercially available photometers weighting function termed photopic luminous efficiency (or Vλ), reflects long- middle-wavelength-sensitive cones [11CIE l'Éclairage Proceedings, 1924, Cambridge University Press1926Google Depending geometric interest, intensity (units lumens/sr candelas, cd), luminance (cd/m2), illuminance (lm/m2 lux) determined output devices. Between 1980 2000, great majority studies endocrine, behavioral, quantified stimuli (lux) lux meters were readily inexpensive because tool choice photographic professions. Two related branches investigation since practice inadequate. First, during last decade it was discovered whereas capacity retina dominated cones, few neurons (retinal cells) directly [12Berson D.M. al.Phototransduction set clock.Science. 2002; 295: 1070-1073Crossref (2514) 13Hattar S. al.Melanopsin-containing cells: architecture, projections, photosensitivity.Science. 1065-1070Crossref (1935) achieve through expression melanopsin, opsin photopigment [14Provencio I. al.Melanopsin: melanophores, brain, eye.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1998; 95: 340-345Crossref (746) 15Provencio al.A novel inner retina.J. Neurosci. 2000; 600-605Crossref 16Lucas al.Diminished pupillary reflex high irradiances melanopsin-knockout mice.Science. 2003; 299: 245-247Crossref (660) ipRGCs comprise only small fraction total cell population (1–5%, depending species estimation), project major retinorecipient parts including [17Ecker J.L. al.Melanopsin-expressing ganglion-cell photoreceptors: cellular diversity role pattern vision.Neuron. 2010; 67: 49-60Abstract Full Text PDF (459) 18Brown T.M. al.Melanopsin contributions irradiance coding thalamo-cortical visual system.PLoS 8: e1000558Crossref (186) 19Gooley J.J. origin retinohypothalamic tract.Nat. 2001; 4: 1165Crossref (443) Specific ablation abolishes responses, identifying class principal conduits photic input systemic [20Goz D. al.Targeted destruction saporin conjugate alters mouse rhythms.PLoS ONE. 2008; 3: e3153Crossref (117) 21Guler A.D. rod-cone vision.Nature. 453: 102-105Crossref (605) 22Hatori M. al.Inducible melanopsin-expressing reveals their central non-image forming responses.PLoS e2451Crossref (212) Furthermore, detect when isolated rest retina, explaining why photosensitivity survives loss functional 23Foster R.G. al.Circadian photoreception retinally degenerate (rd/rd).J. Comp. Physiol. 1991; 169: 39-50Crossref (416) 24Freedman M.S. al.Regulation mammalian non-rod, non-cone, ocular photoreceptors.Science. 1999; 284: 502-504Crossref (639) 25Lucas 505-507Crossref (432) 26Yoshimura T. al.Differences between CBA/J mice (rd/rd) normal CBA/N (+/+).J. 1994; 9: 51-60Crossref (26) 27Keeler C.E. Iris movements mice.Am. 1927; 81: 107-112Crossref 28Czeisler C.A. al.Suppression secretion patients bright light.N. Engl. Med. 1995; 332: 6-11Crossref (523) 29Gooley play roles mediating continuous humans.J. 2012; 32: 14242-14253Crossref (144) This discovery raises possibility fairly rod- cone-based Second, observations indeed very sensitivity. Ten analytic action spectra investigations selected comparisons such humans, non-human primates, rodents revealed peak short-wavelength portion visible spectrum (from 447 484 nm) 30Brainard G. al.Action regulation humans: photoreceptor.J. 21: 6405-6412PubMed 31Thapan K. al.An suppression: non-cone system 535: 261-267Crossref (993) 32Yoshimura Ebihara Spectral phase-shifts rhythms (+/+) mice.J. 1996; 178: 797-802Crossref (118) 33Lucas R. al.Characterization capable driving constriction mice.Nat. 621-626Crossref (495) 34Hankins M.W. Lucas primary humans regulated long-term nonclassical photopigment.Curr. 12: 191-198Abstract (166) 35Hattar systems accessory functions mice.Nature. 424: 75-81Crossref (929) 36Dacey primate signal colour LGN.Nature. 433: 749-754Crossref (981) 37Gamlin P.D. al.Human macaque pupil driven cells.Vision Res. 2007; 47: 946-954Crossref (439) 38Zaidi F.H. al.Short-wavelength pupillary, awareness lacking outer retina.Curr. 17: 2122-2128Abstract (252) 39Lockley S.W. direct alertness, vigilance, waking electroencephalogram humans.Sleep. 2006; 29: 161-168PubMed 40Cajochen C. al.High melatonin, thermoregulation, short light.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 1311-1316Crossref (632) 41Gooley al.Spectral depend duration light.Sci. Transl. 31ra33Crossref (283) 42Revell V.L. al.Alerting wavelengths.Neurosci. Lett. 399: 96-100Crossref (130) 43Lockley 88: 4502-4505Crossref (588) 44Revell phase-advancing 270-272Crossref (85) 45Brainard G.C. mediated cone system.J. 86: 433-436Crossref (94) Scholar], divergent predicted Vλ (peak 555 nm). Taken together, data demonstrate established photometric function, lux, inadequate intended Unfortunately, date there no replacement. omission practical consequences. For absence suitable agreed makes difficult compare findings replicate experimental conditions. represents significant barrier relating laboratory applications, regulators predict impact regimes fundamental problem addressing need difficulty determining (equivalent Vλ) responses. To understand challenge necessary review ipRGCs. Melanopsin, ipRGCs, structurally phylogenetically closely opsins invertebrate rhabdomeric than rod [46Borges gene duplication unconstrained selective pressures melanopsin family evolution vertebrate regulation.PLoS 7: e52413Crossref (20) 47Nasi E. del Pilar Gomez Melanopsin-mediated light-sensing amphioxus: glimpse microvillar lineage within deuterostomia.Commun. Integr. 2009; 441-443Crossref (13) common rhodopsins, phototransduction cascade engaged results depolarization [48Hughes phototransduction: slowly emerging dark.Prog. Brain 199: 19-40Crossref (67) As result, irradiance-dependent increase firing quantum comparable [49Do M.T. al.Photon capture signalling cells.Nature. 457: 281-287Crossref (214) lack photopigment-concentrating organelles (such segments) maximize probability photon capture. absorbing >1 million times lower area photostimulation though ipRGC amplification much less Once threshold activation reached, scales several decimal orders remarkably persistent, being sustained long durations constant [50Wong K.Y. continuously 10 hours.J. 11478-11485Crossref (108) Although moderate irradiance, downstream responsive levels [51Lucas al.How rod, cone, enlighten clock.Prog. 1-18Crossref (126) originally thought 2500 required suppress nocturnal [52Lewy A.J. humans.Science. 1980; 210: 1267-1269Crossref (1454) later conditions, little 1 [53Glickman al.Ocular regulation: relevance breast cancer.Neuro 23: 17-22PubMed highlights system: receive (Figure 1A) . dendrites targets synaptic bipolar amacrine cells, well sites melanopsin-driven phototransduction. composite, integrated consisting (melanopsin photoreception) incoming cone-driven signals [36Dacey arrangement greatly extends range elicit explains animals genetically null continue exhibit [16Lucas 54Panda (Opn4) requirement shifting.Science. 298: 2213-2216Crossref (672) 55Ruby N.F. al.Role light.Science. 2211-2213Crossref (528) At origin, (ipRGC firing) combined influence multiple processes: mechanism itself, remote 1B). Each mechanisms detection sensitivity, expressed transmission media.(i)Rods. Rod opsin, photoreceptors, shows (λmax) approximately 500 nm species. Pre-receptoral filtering shifts towards somewhat longer standard observer (507 nm).(ii)Cones. Mammalian genomes typically contain genes encoding spectrally opsins. Humans, old world S express short-wavelength-sensitive (cyanolabe), maximally ∼420 nm; M (chlorolabe; ∼535 nm); L red-shifted (erythrolabe; ∼565 [56Stockman Sharpe L.T. sensitivities middle- long-wavelength derived measurements observers known genotype.Vision 40: 1711-1737Crossref (561) Scholar]). Other mammals chlorolabe/erythrolabe distinction, single middle spectrum. differences cyanolabe pigments. rodent retinas near-ultraviolet radiation [57Jacobs G.H. al.Retinal receptors ultraviolet light.Nature. 353: 655-657Crossref (338) pre-receptoral short- medium-wavelength (∼440 545 nm, respectively).(iii)Melanopsin. indicate similarly invariant across species, λmax 480 [58Panda al.Illumination signaling pathway.Science. 307: 600-604Crossref (394) 59Qiu X. al.Induction heterologous melanopsin.Nature. 745-749Crossref (344) 60Koyanagi al.Cephalochordate melanopsin: evolutionary linkage cells.Curr. 15: 1065-1069Abstract (187) 61Torii al.Two isoforms chicken melanopsins show blue sensitivity.FEBS 581: 5327-5331Abstract (65) 62Bailes H.J. forms pigment (λmax ∼479 supporting Gq/11 Gi/o cascades.Proc. 2013; 280: 20122987Crossref (199) potential complication estimate property vivo suggestion like invertebrates, may bistable 63Melyan Z. al.Addition renders photoresponsive.Nature. 741-745Crossref (335) 64Mure L.S. al.Melanopsin-dependent nonvisual responses: bistability vivo.J. 22: 411-424Crossref (131) Bistability affords photopigments regenerate vitamin A-derived chromophore isomerized following absorption another [65Hillman P. al.Transduction bistability.Physiol. 1983; 63: 668-772Crossref (109) regeneration event produced wavelengths, receptor. Whether whether biologically relevant remain [66Mawad Van Gelder R.N. Absence potentiation murine vitro.J. 387-391Crossref (36) 67Rollag M.D. Does consequences?.J. 396-399Crossref (15) 68Papamichael simultaneous presentation red monochromatic 27: 70-78Crossref (31) either event, factor does significantly [69Enezi 'melanopic' predicts polychromatic lights.J. 2011; 26: 314-323Crossref (178) 70Brown melanopic diverse conditions.PLoS e53583Crossref (29) thus five four case non-primates) follows down

Language: Английский

---

Human melanopsin forms a pigment maximally sensitive to blue light ( λ _max ≈ 479 nm) supporting activation of G _{q /11} and G _i/o signalling cascades

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 280(1759), P. 20122987 - 20122987

Published: April 3, 2013

A subset of mammalian retinal ganglion cells expresses an opsin photopigment (melanopsin, Opn4) and is intrinsically photosensitive. The human retina contains melanopsin, but the literature lacks a direct investigation its spectral sensitivity or G-protein selectivity. Here, we address this deficit by studying physiological responses driven melanopsin under heterologous expression in HEK293 cells. Luminescent reporters for common second messenger systems revealed that light induces high amplitude increase intracellular calcium modest reduction cAMP expressing implying pigment able to drive via both G q i/o class G-proteins. Melanopsins from mouse amphioxus had similar profile coupling cells, chicken Opn4m Opn4x pigments exhibited some s activity addition strong /11 response. An action spectrum response predicted form : vitamin A1 peaked at 479 nm. selectivity previously described rodents, supporting utility such laboratory animals developing methods manipulating system using pharmacological agents.

Language: Английский

---

Modelling the spectral sensitivity of the human circadian system

Lighting Research & Technology, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 44(4), P. 386 - 396

Published: Dec. 14, 2011

It is now well established that the spectral, spatial, temporal and absolute sensitivities of human circadian system are very different from those visual system. Although qualitative comparisons between systems can be made, there still remains some uncertainty in quantitatively predicting exactly how will respond to light exposures reaching retina. This paper discusses attempts model spectral sensitivity Each models discussed here varies terms its complexity consideration retinal neuroanatomy neurophysiology. Future testing validate or improve any these computational require a targeted hypothesis, as suitably high level experimental control before one rejected favour another. Until specific hypotheses formulated tested, it would premature recommend international acceptance photometry.

Language: Английский

---

Melanopsin-Based Brightness Discrimination in Mice and Humans

Current Biology, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 22(12), P. 1134 - 1141

Published: May 24, 2012

SummaryPhotoreception in the mammalian retina is not restricted to rods and cones but extends a small number of intrinsically photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), expressing photopigment melanopsin [1–4]. ipRGCs are known support various accessory visual functions including circadian photoentrainment pupillary reflexes. However, despite anatomical physiological evidence that they contribute thalamocortical projection [5–7], no aspect discrimination has been shown rely upon ipRGCs. Based on their currently roles, we hypothesized may distinguishing brightness. This percept related an object's luminance—a photometric measure light intensity relevant for cone photoreceptors. perceived brightness different sources always predicted by respective luminance [8–12]. Here, used parallel behavioral electrophysiological experiments first show contributes both retinally degenerate fully sighted mice. We continued use comparable paradigms psychophysical provide similar role healthy human subjects. These data represent direct normally subjects can be supported inner photoreceptors.Highlights•Melanopsin photoreception selectively modulated intact retina•Melanopsin supports mice•Melanopsin activation induces percepts humans

Language: Английский

---

Light as a circadian stimulus for architectural lighting

Lighting Research & Technology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 50(4), P. 497 - 510

Published: Dec. 6, 2016

Consideration is being given to the adoption of a new metric characterizing light as it affects human circadian system. Much has been learned over past couple decades about stimulus for system regulation, so appropriate that these discussions take place. The present paper develops an argument adopting quantifying in architectural spaces. (a) was developed from several lines biophysical research, including those basic retinal neurophysiology; (b) validated controlled experiments; and (c) used successfully number real-world applications. Any metrics should each foundational points into consideration.

Language: Английский

---

Colour As a Signal for Entraining the Mammalian Circadian Clock

PLoS Biology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 13(4), P. e1002127 - e1002127

Published: April 17, 2015

Twilight is characterised by changes in both quantity ("irradiance") and quality ("colour") of light. Animals use the variation irradiance to adjust their internal circadian clocks, aligning behaviour physiology with solar cycle. However, it currently unknown whether colour also contribute this entrainment process. Using environmental measurements, we show here that mammalian blue–yellow discrimination provides a more reliable method tracking twilight progression than simply measuring irradiance. We next electrophysiological recordings demonstrate neurons mouse suprachiasmatic clock display cone-dependent spectral opponency required make information. Thus, our data some are highly sensitive composition occurring over input dictates response Finally, using mice housed under photoperiods simulated dawn/dusk transitions, confirm during for appropriate alignment natural conditions. Together, these reveal new sensory mechanism telling time day would be available any species capable chromatic vision.

Language: Английский

---

Recent prospects on phosphor-converted LEDs for lighting, displays, phototherapy, and indoor farming

Journal of Luminescence, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 237, P. 118167 - 118167

Published: April 30, 2021

Language: Английский

---

The cognitive impact of light: illuminating ipRGC circuit mechanisms

Nature reviews. Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(3), P. 159 - 175

Published: Jan. 26, 2024

Language: Английский

---

How rod, cone, and melanopsin photoreceptors come together to enlighten the mammalian circadian clock

Progress in brain research, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 18

Published: Jan. 1, 2012

Language: Английский

---

Effects of realistic office daylighting and electric lighting conditions on visual comfort, alertness and mood

Lighting Research & Technology, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 47(2), P. 192 - 209

Published: April 22, 2014

Lighting conditions in workplaces contribute to a variety of factors related work satisfaction, productivity and well-being. We tested whether different photometric variables also influence visual perception the comfort lighting, as well subjective non-visual such mood, alertness Twenty-five young subjects spent two afternoons either under electric light or daylighting (without view from window). Subjects overall preferred for acceptance glare. Changes modulated changes perception, mood course afternoon. Finally, we found several associations functions, indicating potential relationship with other circadian wake-dependent functions humans, which consequently could impact office lighting scenarios future.

Language: Английский

---