International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2013,
Volume and Issue:
14(2), P. 2573 - 2589
Published: Jan. 28, 2013
Life
in
24-h
society
relies
on
the
use
of
artificial
light
at
night
that
might
disrupt
synchronization
endogenous
circadian
timing
system
to
solar
day.
This
could
have
a
negative
impact
sleep-wake
patterns
and
psychiatric
symptoms.
The
aim
study
was
investigate
influence
evening
emitted
by
domestic
work
place
lamps
naturalistic
setting
melatonin
levels
alertness
humans.
Healthy
subjects
(6
male,
3
female,
22-33
years)
were
exposed
constant
dim
(<10
lx)
for
six
evenings
from
7:00
p.m.
midnight.
On
2
through
6,
1
h
before
habitual
bedtime,
they
also
5
different
conventional
30
min.
Exposure
yellow
did
not
alter
increase
saliva
compared
baseline
during
(38
±
27
pg/mL
vs.
39
23
pg/mL)
after
exposure
(39
22
44
26
pg/mL).
In
contrast,
lighting
conditions
including
blue
components
reduced
significantly
both
(office
daylight
white:
25
16
pg/mL,
bathroom
24
10
Planon
warm
14
hall
15
9
13
Subjective
increased
three
which
included
spectral
their
spectra.
Evening
an
everyday
influences
excretion
perception
within
Lighting Research & Technology,
Journal Year:
2012,
Volume and Issue:
44(1), P. 37 - 53
Published: Feb. 13, 2012
This
paper
investigates
the
formulation
of
a
modelling
framework
for
non-visual
effects
daylight,
such
as
entrainment
circadian
system
and
maintenance
alertness.
The
body
empirical
data
from
photobiology
studies
is
now
sufficient
to
start
developing
preliminary
lighting
evaluation
methods
design.
Eventually,
these
have
potential
become
relevant
quantity
consider
when
assessing
overall
daylighting
performance
space.
describes
assumptions
general
approach
that
were
developed
propose
modeling
occupant
exposure
light,
presents
novel
means
visualising
‘circadian
potential’
point
in
proposed
uses
current
outcomes
research
define
–
at
this
static
threshold
values
illumination
terms
spectrum,
intensity
timing
light
human
eye.
These
are
then
translated
into
goals
simulation,
based
on
vertical
illuminance
eye,
ultimately
could
building
A
new
climate-based
simulation
model
has
been
apply
concepts
residential
environment.
will
be
described
Part
2
paper.
Journal of Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2012,
Volume and Issue:
32(33), P. 11478 - 11485
Published: Aug. 15, 2012
A
recently
discovered
type
of
mammalian
retinal
ganglion
cell
encodes
environmental
light
intensity
and
mediates
non-image-forming
visual
behaviors,
such
as
the
pupillary
reflex
circadian
photoentrainment.
These
intrinsically
photosensitive
cells
(ipRGCs)
generate
endogenous,
melanopsin-based
photoresponses
well
extrinsic,
rod/cone-driven
responses.
Because
ipRGCs'
responses
behaviors
they
control
are
both
remarkably
tonic,
these
have
been
hypothesized
to
be
capable
irradiance
detection
lasting
throughout
day.
I
tested
this
hypothesis
by
obtaining
multielectrode-array
recordings
from
ipRGCs
in
a
novel
rat
eyecup
preparation
that
enhances
regeneration
rod/cone
photopigments.
found
10
h
constant
could
continuously
evoke
action
potentials
under
conditions
stimulated
(1)
only
melanopsin,
(2)
mainly
rod
input,
(3)
intrinsic
extrinsic
In
response
stimulus
with
gradual
changes
simulate
sunrise
sunset,
ipRGC
firing
rates
slowly
increased
during
“sunrise”
phase
decreased
“sunset”
phase.
Furthermore,
recorded
putative
melanopsin-knock-out
mice
retained
ability
respond
sustained
fashion
20
min
steps,
indicating
melanopsin
is
not
required
for
tonic
conclusion,
can
signal
at
least
probably
track
over
course
results
further
suggest
photoreceptors
ON
bipolar
presynaptic
may
able
h.
Lighting Research & Technology,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
50(1), P. 38 - 62
Published: July 25, 2017
In
addition
to
stimulating
the
visual
system,
light
incident
on
retina
stimulates
other
biological
functions,
also
referred
as
non-visual
responses.
Among
most
notable
functions
are
human
circadian
rhythms,
which
bodily
rhythms
that,
in
constant
darkness,
oscillate
with
a
period
close
to,
but
typically
slightly
longer
than
24
hours.
Twenty-four-hour
light-dark
patterns
major
synchronizer
of
local
time
Earth.
Entrainment
has
been
implicated
health
and
well-being.
Light
can
elicit
an
acute
alerting
effect
people,
similar
"cup
coffee."
This
review
summarizes
literature
how
affects
entrainment
alertness
it
be
used
achieve
these
aims.
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science,
Journal Year:
2014,
Volume and Issue:
55(2), P. 719 - 719
Published: Jan. 10, 2014
Purpose.:
We
determined
the
relative
contributions
of
rods,
cones,
and
melanopsin
to
pupil
responses
in
humans
using
temporal
sinusoidal
stimulation
for
light
levels
spanning
low
mesopic
photopic
range.
Methods.:
A
four-primary
Ganzfeld
photostimulator
controlled
flicker
stimulations
at
seven
(−2.7
2
log
cd/m2)
five
frequencies
(0.5–8
Hz).
Pupil
diameter
was
measured
a
high-resolution
eye
tracker.
Three
kinds
photoreceptor
modulations
were
generated
silent
substitution:
rod
modulation,
cone
combined
modulation
phase
(experiment
1)
or
shifted
2)
from
fixed
phase.
The
excitation
computed
each
condition.
vector
sum
model
used
estimate
contribution
response.
Results.:
From
experiment
1,
frequency
response
peaked
1
Hz
two
three
conditions.
Analyzing
rod–cone
difference
identified
V-shaped
amplitude
with
minimum
between
135°
180°.
phases
increased
as
increased.
increasing
level
cone,
(in-phase
cone)
but
not
modulation.
Conclusions.:
These
results
demonstrate
that
cone-
rod-pathway
are
more
predominant
than
phasic
rod,
inputs
state
reflex
follow
linear
summation.
Optometry and Vision Science,
Journal Year:
2014,
Volume and Issue:
91(8), P. 894 - 903
Published: May 30, 2014
Melanopsin-containing
intrinsically
photosensitive
retinal
ganglion
cells
(ipRGCs)
are
a
class
of
photoreceptors
with
established
roles
in
non–image-forming
processes.
Their
contributions
to
image-forming
vision
may
include
the
estimation
brightness.
Animal
models
have
been
central
for
understanding
physiological
mechanisms
ipRGC
function
and
there
is
evidence
conservation
across
species.
Intrinsically
can
be
divided
into
five
cell
subtypes
that
show
morphological
functional
diversity.
Research
humans
has
ipRGCs
signal
environmental
irradiance
entrain
body
clock
solar
day
regulating
circadian
processes
sleep.
In
addition,
mediate
pupil
light
reflex
(PLR),
making
PLR
readily
accessible
behavioral
marker
activity.
Less
known
about
optic
nerve
disease,
emerging
research
providing
insight
their
diabetes,
retinitis
pigmentosa,
glaucoma,
hereditary
neuropathy.
We
briefly
review
anatomical
distributions,
projections,
basic
proposed
functions
animals
without
eye
disease.
introduce
paradigm
differentiating
inner
outer
inputs
pupillary
control
pathway
disease
apply
this
patients
age-related
macular
degeneration
(AMD).
these
cases
AMD,
we
provide
initial
altered
dysfunction
more
pronounced
advanced
Our
perspective
refined
pupillometry
paradigms,
extended
AMD
assessment
as
tool
measurement
dysfunction.
Scientific Reports,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
8(1)
Published: Feb. 23, 2018
Abstract
The
visual
consequences
of
melanopsin
photoreception
in
humans
are
not
well
understood.
Here
we
studied
using
a
technique
photoreceptor
silent
substitution
with
five
calibrated
spectral
lights
after
minimising
the
effects
individual
differences
optical
pre-receptoral
filtering
and
desensitising
penumbral
cones
shadow
retinal
blood
vessels.
We
demonstrate
that
putative
melanopsin-mediated
image-forming
vision
corresponds
to
an
opponent
S-OFF
L
+
M-ON
response
property,
average
temporal
resolution
up
approximately
5
Hz,
>10x
higher
thresholds
than
red-green
colour
vision.
With
capacity
for
signalling
integrating
slowly
changing
lights,
melanopsin-expressing
intrinsically
photosensitive
ganglion
cells
maybe
fifth
type
peripheral
Chronobiology International,
Journal Year:
2014,
Volume and Issue:
31(3), P. 305 - 319
Published: Jan. 7, 2014
Bright
light
therapy
(BLT)
is
considered
among
the
first-line
treatments
for
seasonal
affective
disorder
(SAD),
yet
a
growing
body
of
literature
supports
its
use
in
other
neuropsychiatric
conditions
including
non-seasonal
depression.
Despite
evidence
antidepressant
efficacy,
clinical
BLT
remains
highly
variable
internationally.
In
this
article,
we
explore
autonomic
effects
and
suggest
that
such
may
play
role
chronotherapeutic
properties.
After
providing
brief
introduction
on
application
BLT,
review
chronobiological
depression
nervous
system
depressed
non-depressed
individuals
with
an
emphasis
Such
theory
modulation
via
could
serve
to
integrate
aspects
recent
work
centered
alleviating
allostatic
load,
polyvagal
theory,
neurovisceral
integration
model
emerging
roles
glutamate
gamma-hydroxybutyric
acid
(GABA).
Journal of Vision,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
15(1), P. 27 - 27
Published: Jan. 26, 2015
Intrinsically
photosensitive
retinal
ganglion
cells
(ipRGCs)
can
respond
to
light
directly
through
self-contained
photopigment,
melanopsin.
IpRGCs
also
receive
synaptic
inputs
from
rods
and
cones.
Thus,
studying
ipRGC
functions
requires
a
novel
photostimulating
method
that
account
for
all
of
the
photoreceptor
inputs.
Here,
we
introduced
an
inexpensive
LED-based
five-primary
photostimulator
control
excitations
rods,
S-,
M-,
L-cones,
melanopsin-containing
ipRGCs
in
humans
at
constant
background
excitation
levels,
critical
requirement
adaptation
behavior
with
rod,
cone,
or
melanopsin
input.
We
described
theory
technical
aspects
(including
optics,
electronics,
software,
calibration)
photostimulator.
Then
presented
two
preliminary
studies
using
have
implemented
measure
melanopsin-mediated
pupil
responses
temporal
contrast
sensitivity
function
(TCSF).
The
results
showed
S-cone
input
was
antagonistic
L-,
M-
inputs,
consistent
S-OFF
(L
+
M)-ON
response
property
primate
(Dacey
et
al.,
2005).
In
addition,
TCSF
had
distinctive
pattern
compared
L
M
mediated
TCSF.
Other
than
controlling
individual
independently,
has
flexibility
presenting
stimuli
modulating
any
combination
excitations,
which
allows
researchers
study
mechanisms
by
combine
various
