Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age

Trends in Neurosciences, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 37(1), P. 1 - 9

Published: Nov. 25, 2013

•Photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) regulate behavior and physiology.•ipRGCs use melanopsin-dependent intrinsic light responses rod/cone inputs.•The relative contribution of each photoreceptor to evoked is not fully understood.•A method for quantifying presented that accounts complex photoreceptive inputs.•Guidance those designing architectural therapeutic lighting provided. Light a potent stimulus regulating circadian, hormonal, behavioral systems. In addition, therapy effective certain affective disorders, sleep problems, circadian rhythm disruption. These biological effects are influenced by distinct in the eye, melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGCs), addition conventional rods cones. We summarize neurophysiology this newly described sensory pathway consider implications measurement, production, application light. A new light-measurement strategy taking account inputs these non-visual proposed researchers, simple suggestions artificial/architectural provided regulatory authorities, manufacturers, designers, engineers. During past three decades, empirical evidence has demonstrated many aspects human physiology illumination [1Aschoff J. Biological Rhythms (Handbook Behavioral Neurobiology No. 4). Plenum, 1981Google Scholar, 2Wurtman R.J. et al.The Medical Effects Light. The New York Academy Sciences, 1985Google 3Wetterberg L. Man. Pergamon Press, 1993Google 4Lam R.W. Beyond Seasonal Affective Disorder: Treatment SAD non-SAD Disorders. American Psychiatric 1996Google Scholar]. Such originate eye but separate from other vision insofar as they unrelated particular spatial patterns exposure, can survive even some blind subjects. Consequently, types have been commonly referred non-image-forming or non-visual. catch-all terms encompass wide array response types. most influential light-induced phase resetting endogenous clocks. Because rhythmicity feature nearly every physiological, metabolic, system, phenomenon brings processes under indirect control. this, term come growing list more acute together ensure day-like physiological state. Thus, example, constricts pupil, suppresses pineal melatonin increases heart rate core body temperature, stimulates cortisol acts neurophysiological stimulant (increasing subjective objective measures alertness psychomotor reaction time, reducing lapses attention). Appreciation basic biology led development number applications. shown anti-depressant properties, particularly treatment seasonal disorder (SAD) its subclinical variant sSAD [3Wetterberg Appropriately timed exposure also developed circadian-rhythm disorders disruption associated with jetlag, shift work, space flight. Finally, explored non-seasonal depression, menstrual-cycle-related bulimia nervosa, cognitive fatigue problems senile dementia, chemotherapy, traumatic brain injury 5Tuunainen A. al.Light depression.Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2004; 2: 1-83Google 6J. Biol. Rhythms. 2005; 20: 279-386Crossref PubMed Scopus (177) Google on evolved over millennia which environmental reliable indicator time day. advent electrical disrupted relationship, now reflecting personal tastes social pressures. It important therefore incorporated into considerations design. one might ask what extent given replicates natural daylight; how could be employed minimize deleterious shiftwork while promoting safety; optimized. industry academic researchers started address [7CIE Ocular Lighting Human Physiology Behaviour. Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage, 2009Google 8IES Health: An Overview Impact Optical Radiation Visual, Circadian, Neuroendocrine Neurobehavioural Responses. Illuminating Engineering Society North America, 2008Google 9DIN Physics – Part 100: Non-visual Beings Quantities, Symbols Action Spectra. Deutsches Institut fur Normung, Progress endeavors, however, first requires appropriate quantification impacts behavior. There two broad categories measurement techniques: radiometry photometry [10DiLaura D.L. al.Lighting Handbook. Reference Application.10th ed. 2011Google Radiometry based characterizing physical properties wavelength energy. radiometer quantifies radiant power defined bandwidth electromagnetic Photometry specialized branch takes fact photoreceptors equally sensitive at all wavelengths. photometer uses filters weight detector different wavelengths according spectral sensitivity an aspect vision. Most commercially available photometers weighting function termed photopic luminous efficiency (or Vλ), reflects long- middle-wavelength-sensitive cones [11CIE l'Éclairage Proceedings, 1924, Cambridge University Press1926Google Depending geometric interest, intensity (units lumens/sr candelas, cd), luminance (cd/m2), illuminance (lm/m2 lux) determined output devices. Between 1980 2000, great majority studies endocrine, behavioral, quantified stimuli (lux) lux meters were readily inexpensive because tool choice photographic professions. Two related branches investigation since practice inadequate. 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Each mechanisms detection sensitivity, expressed transmission media.(i)Rods. Rod opsin, photoreceptors, shows (λmax) approximately 500 nm species. Pre-receptoral filtering shifts towards somewhat longer standard observer (507 nm).(ii)Cones. Mammalian genomes typically contain genes encoding spectrally opsins. Humans, old world S express short-wavelength-sensitive (cyanolabe), maximally ∼420 nm; M (chlorolabe; ∼535 nm); L red-shifted (erythrolabe; ∼565 [56Stockman Sharpe L.T. sensitivities middle- long-wavelength derived measurements observers known genotype.Vision 40: 1711-1737Crossref (561) Scholar]). 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Whether whether biologically relevant remain [66Mawad Van Gelder R.N. Absence potentiation murine vitro.J. 387-391Crossref (36) 67Rollag M.D. Does consequences?.J. 396-399Crossref (15) 68Papamichael simultaneous presentation red monochromatic 27: 70-78Crossref (31) either event, factor does significantly [69Enezi 'melanopic' predicts polychromatic lights.J. 2011; 26: 314-323Crossref (178) 70Brown melanopic diverse conditions.PLoS e53583Crossref (29) thus five four case non-primates) follows down

Language: Английский

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Pupillometry: Psychology, Physiology, and Function

Journal of Cognition, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 1(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2018

Pupils respond to three distinct kinds of stimuli: they constrict in response brightness (the pupil light response), near fixation and dilate increases arousal mental effort, either triggered by an external stimulus or spontaneously. In this review, I describe these responses, how are related high-level cognition, the neural pathways that control them. also discuss functional relevance is, responses help us better see world. Although likely serve many functions, not all which fully understood, one important function is optimize vision for acuity (small pupils sharper) depth field sharply at a wider range distances), sensitivity (large able detect faint stimuli); change their size particular situation. ways, similar other eye movements, such as saccades smooth pursuit: like have properties both reflexive voluntary action, part active visual exploration.

Language: Английский

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Principles of Neural Design

The MIT Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 22, 2015

Two distinguished neuroscientists distil general principles from more than a century of scientific study, “reverse engineering” the brain to understand its design. Neuroscience research has exploded, with fifty thousand applying increasingly advanced methods. A mountain new facts and mechanisms emerged. And yet principled framework organize this knowledge been missing. In book, Peter Sterling Simon Laughlin, two leading neuroscientists, strive fill gap, outlining set organizing explain whys neural design that allow compute so efficiently. Setting out engineer” brain—disassembling it it—Sterling Laughlin first consider why an animal should need brain, tracing computational abilities bacterium protozoan worm. They examine bigger brains advantages “anticipatory regulation”; identify constraints on “nanofy”; demonstrate routes efficiency in integrated molecular system, phototransduction. show at finer scales lower levels apply larger higher levels; describe wiring efficiency; discuss learning as principle biological includes “save only what is needed.” avoid speculation about how might work endeavor make sense already known. Their distinctive contribution gather coherent basic rules exemplify them across spatial functional scales.

Language: Английский

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Autonomic Control of the Eye

Comprehensive physiology, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 439 - 473

Published: Dec. 23, 2014

The autonomic nervous system influences numerous ocular functions. It does this by way of parasympathetic innervation from postganglionic fibers that originate neurons in the ciliary and pterygopalatine ganglia, sympathetic superior cervical ganglion. Ciliary ganglion project to body sphincter pupillae muscle iris control accommodation pupil constriction, respectively. Superior dilator dilation. Ocular blood flow is controlled both via direct on vasculature optic nerve, choroid, body, iris, as well indirect retinal flow. In mammals, innervated vasodilatory ganglion, vasoconstrictive Intraocular pressure regulated primarily through balance aqueous humor formation outflow. Autonomic regulation vessels epithelium an important determinant formation; trabecular meshwork episcleral These tissues are all ganglia. addition these classical pathways, trigeminal sensory exert local, intrinsic many regions eye, some within

Language: Английский

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A Role for Melanopsin in Alpha Retinal Ganglion Cells and Contrast Detection

Neuron, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 82(4), P. 781 - 788

Published: May 1, 2014

Language: Английский

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Melanopsin and the Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells: Biophysics to Behavior

Neuron, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 104(2), P. 205 - 226

Published: Oct. 1, 2019

Language: Английский

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A direct and melanopsin-dependent fetal light response regulates mouse eye development

Nature, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 494(7436), P. 243 - 246

Published: Jan. 16, 2013

Language: Английский

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The cognitive impact of light: illuminating ipRGC circuit mechanisms

Nature reviews. Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(3), P. 159 - 175

Published: Jan. 26, 2024

Language: Английский

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Photoresponse diversity among the five types of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

The Journal of Physiology, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 592(7), P. 1619 - 1636

Published: Jan. 7, 2014

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) mediate non-image-forming visual responses, including pupillary constriction, circadian photoentrainment and suppression of pineal melatonin secretion. Five morphological types ipRGCs, M1-M5, have been identified in mice. In order to understand their functions better, we studied the photoresponses all five cell types, by whole-cell recording from fluorescently labelled ipRGCs visualized using multiphoton microscopy. All ipRGC generated melanopsin-based ('intrinsic') as well synaptically driven ('extrinsic') light responses. The intrinsic M1 were lower threshold, higher amplitude faster than those M2-M5. peak amplitudes extrinsic responses differed among types; however, had comparable thresholds, kinetics waveforms, received rod input. While exhibited inhibitory amacrine-cell excitatory bipolar-cell inputs 'on' channel, M3 additional 'off'-channel inhibition, possibly through 'off'-sublamina dendrites. M2-M5 centre-surround-organized receptive fields, implicating a capacity detect spatial contrast. contrast, fields lacked surround antagonism, which might be caused input nullifying responded robustly wide range motion speeds, M1-M4 appeared tuned different suggesting that they analyse speed motion. Retrograde labelling revealed project superior colliculus, contrast information signalled these could used this sensorimotor area novel objects field.

Language: Английский

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The Post-Illumination Pupil Response (PIPR)

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 56(6), P. 3838 - 3838

Published: June 11, 2015

Purpose.: The post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) has been quantified using four metrics, but the spectral sensitivity of only one is known; here we determine other three. To optimize human PIPR measurement, protocol producing largest PIPR, duration and metric(s) with lowest coefficient variation. Methods.: consensual light reflex (PLR) was measured a Maxwellian view pupillometer. Experiment 1: Spectral metrics (plateau, 6 seconds, area under curve early late recovery) determined from criterion to 1-second pulse fitted vitamin A1 nomogram (λmax = 482 nm). 2: PLR as function three stimulus durations (1 second, 10 30 seconds), five irradiances spanning low high melanopsin excitation levels (retinal irradiance: 9.8–14.8 log quanta.cm−2.s−1), two wavelengths, (465 nm) (637 excitation. Intra- interindividual coefficients variation (CV) were calculated. Results.: (opn4) photopigment adequately describes all metrics. amplitude short-wavelength pulses (≥12.8 quanta.cm−2.s−1). plateau 6-second showed least intra- CV (≤0.2). maximum sustained 83.0 ± 48.0 seconds (mean SD) for 180.1 106.2 30-second nm; 14.8 Conclusions.: All current provide direct measure intrinsic photoresponse. progressive changes in disease, recommend that be short-duration (e.g., ≤1 second) analyzed and/or Our data baseline selection interstimulus intervals between consecutive testing sequences.

Language: Английский

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