Systematic Review of Risk and Protective Factors for Revictimization After Child Sexual Abuse

Trauma Violence & Abuse, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 22(1), P. 41 - 53

Published: Jan. 22, 2019

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a widespread public health problem in the United States. It has been associated with multiple long-term deleterious outcomes including revictimization adulthood. This systematic review of 25 studies synthesizes research examining possible risk and protective factors that might explain established link between CSA future victimizations. Specific identified included co-occurring maltreatment home, risky behavior (particularly adolescence), post-traumatic stress disorder, emotion dysregulation, other maladaptive coping strategies. Only one factor was identified: perceived parental care. The also revealed considerable variability definitions measurement both adult victimization, particularly terms how researchers conceptualized age. Many were limited generalizability by only college-age women. These findings have clinical implications. Public interventions working to prevent among survivors can utilize these when designing programs. For researchers, results highlight need for standardized revictimization, well-validated consistent measurement, inclusion additional population groups research.

Language: Английский

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Differential Associations of Deprivation and Threat With Cognitive Control and Fear Conditioning in Early Childhood

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: May 8, 2019

Early-life adversity (ELA) is strongly associated with risk for psychopathology. Within adversity, deprivation and threat may lead to psychopathology through different intermediary pathways. Specifically, deprivation, defined as the absence of expected cognitive social inputs, lower performance on complex tasks whereas threatening experiences, presence experiences that reflect harm child, are atypical fear learning emotional processes. However, distinct associations behavioral outcomes have not been examined in early childhood. The present study examines how Children 4-7 years old (N=63) completed assessing control conditioning; were assessed using child interview parent questionnaires. Regression analyses performed including scores controls age, gender IQ. Because this first time these variables childhood, interactions age also examined. Deprivation, but was worse task. Threat, interacted predict learning. Young children who experienced high levels showed evidence measured by differential skin conductance response even at earliest measured. In contrast, exposed threat, emerged only older ages. higher blunted reactivity amplitude reinforced stimuli regardless age. Results suggest influences Future work should examine neural mechanisms underlying changes link increased negative exposure, such

Language: Английский

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The effects of early life adversity on children’s mental health and cognitive functioning

Translational Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: June 10, 2022

Emerging evidence suggests that partially distinct mechanisms may underlie the association between different dimensions of early life adversity (ELA) and psychopathology in children adolescents. While there is minimal types ELA are associated with specific outcomes, unique cognitive socioemotional consequences increase transdiagnostic risk mental health problems across internalizing externalizing spectra. The current review provides an overview recent findings examining (e.g., language, executive function), attention bias, emotion regulation), correlates along threat/harshness, deprivation, unpredictability. We underscore similarities differences connecting to particular identify gaps future directions help clarify inconsistencies literature. This focuses on childhood adolescence, periods exquisite neurobiological change sensitivity environment. utility dimensional models better understanding mechanistic pathways towards expression discussed, supporting value such developmental sequelae ELA. Integration existing focused psychiatric classification biobehavioral advance our etiology, phenomenology, treatment difficulties youth.

Language: Английский

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Association of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Social Isolation With Later-Life Cognitive Function Among Adults in China

JAMA Network Open, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 5(11), P. e2241714 - e2241714

Published: Nov. 11, 2022

Importance Studies investigating the association of threat-related and deprivation-related adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with later-life cognitive decline are lacking. Objectives To evaluate independent ACEs over time among middle-aged older Chinese adults to examine modifying role social isolation in such associations. Design, Setting, Participants This prospective cohort study used data from China Health Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) baseline survey that was administered between June 1, 2011, March 31, 2012, CHARLS follow-up July 1 September 30, 2015. The life history information additionally December 2014. Statistical analysis performed 2022. population consisted (age range, 45-97 years) complete on 2 assessments without impairment at baseline. Exposures Five (ie, physical abuse, household substance domestic violence, unsafe neighborhood, bullying) 5 emotional neglect, mental illness, incarcerated member, parental separation or divorce, death) before 17 years age were queried by questionnaires. cumulative scores ACE dimensions calculated grouped into 3 categories as 0, more main analyses. Main Outcomes Measures Cognitive function measured episodic memory executive function. Global cognition further total score these dimensions. raw each test standardized z using means SDs. Linear mixed-effects models constructed rate annual decline. associations assessed 3-way interaction tests. Results Of 6466 participants included analyses, 3301 (51.1%) men mean (SD) 57.2 (8.3) years. Compared no exposures, experience associated faster global (β = −0.012 [95% CI, −0.022 −0.002] SD/y) −0.010 −0.020 −0.00002] SD/y), whereas individuals least deprivations had declines all tests −0.035 −0.050 −0.019] SD/y for cognition; β −0.047 −0.068 −0.025] memory; −0.019 −0.034 −0.004] function). However, an not observed ACEs. In addition, a significant modifier −0.033 −0.061 −0.005] SD/y; P .02 interaction) −0.032 −0.059 interaction). Conclusions Relevance Deprivation-related ACEs, but function, could modify detrimental impact. These findings highlight potential benefits promoting integration maintaining who have experienced deprivation.

Language: Английский

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Childhood socioeconomic status and the pace of structural neurodevelopment: accelerated, delayed, or simply different?

Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 27(9), P. 833 - 851

Published: May 11, 2023

Socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with children's brain and behavioral development. Several theories propose that early experiences of adversity or low SES can alter the pace neurodevelopment during childhood adolescence. These make contrasting predictions about whether adverse are accelerated delayed neurodevelopment. We contextualize these within context normative development cortical subcortical structure review existing evidence on structural to adjudicate between competing hypotheses. Although none fully consistent observed SES-related differences in development, suggests trajectories more a simply different developmental pattern than an acceleration

Language: Английский

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