Pathophysiological, immunological, and inflammatory features of long COVID

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Feb. 28, 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to cause severe global disruption, resulting in significant excess mortality, overwhelming healthcare systems, and imposing substantial social economic burdens on nations. While most of the attention therapeutic efforts have concentrated acute phase disease, a notable proportion survivors experience persistent symptoms post-infection clearance. This diverse set symptoms, loosely categorized as long COVID, presents potential additional public health crisis. It is estimated that 1 5 exhibit clinical manifestations consistent with COVID. Despite this prevalence, mechanisms pathophysiology COVID remain poorly understood. Alarmingly, evidence suggests cases within condition develop debilitating or disabling symptoms. Hence, urgent priority should be given further studies equip systems for its management. review provides an overview available information emerging condition, focusing affected individuals’ epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, immunological inflammatory profiles.

Language: Английский

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Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in “Long COVID”: pathophysiology, heart rate variability, and inflammatory markers

Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Sept. 1, 2023

Long COVID is characterized by persistent signs and symptoms that continue or develop for more than 4 weeks after acute COVID-19 infection. Patients with experience a cardiovascular autonomic imbalance known as dysautonomia. However, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms behind this remain unclear. Current hypotheses include neurotropism, cytokine storms, inflammatory persistence. Certain immunological factors indicate autoimmune dysfunction, which can be used to identify patients at higher risk of COVID. Heart rate variability imbalances in individuals suffering from COVID, measurement non-invasive low-cost method assessing modulation. Additionally, biochemical markers are diagnosing monitoring These improve understanding driving response its effects on sympathetic parasympathetic pathways nervous system. Autonomic may result lower heart variability, impaired vagal activity, substantial sympathovagal imbalance. New research subject must encouraged enhance long-term risks cause

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 influenced gut dysbiosis, post-acute sequelae, immune regulation, and therapeutic regimens

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: May 28, 2024

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has garnered unprecedented global attention. It over 2.47 million deaths through various syndromes such as distress, hypercoagulability, and multiple organ failure. viral invasion proceeds the ACE2 receptor, expressed in cell types, some patients serious damage to tissues, organs, immune cells, microbes that colonize gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Some who survived SARS-CoV-2 infection have developed months of persistent long-COVID-19 symptoms or post-acute sequelae COVID-19 (PASC). Diagnosis these revealed biological effects, none which are mutually exclusive. However, severity also depends on numerous comorbidities obesity, age, diabetes, hypertension care must be taken with respect other morbidities, host immunity. Gut microbiota relation immunopathology is considered evolve progression via mechanisms biochemical metabolism, exacerbation inflammation, intestinal mucosal secretion, cytokine storm, immunity regulation. Therefore, modulation gut microbiome equilibrium food supplements probiotics remains a hot topic current research debate. In this review, we discuss complications physio-pathological effects infection, GIT response, therapeutic pharmacological strategies. We summarize targets probiotics, their limitations, efficacy preclinical clinical drugs effectively inhibit spread SARS-CoV-2.

Language: Английский

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The Role of Memory T-Cell Mediated Immunity in Long-term COVID-19: Effects of Vaccination Status.

PubMed, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 50(2), P. 61 - 68

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

T-cell-mediated immunity is essential for controlling severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2) infection, preventing disease, and potentially reducing the risk of long-term disease (COVID). This study investigated impact natural vaccination, hybrid on T-cell responses, with a particular emphasis role memory T-cells in COVID-19. The present reviewed current literature including development, individuals SARS-CoV-2 those vaccinated messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, immunity. It examined studies that compared activity, immune regulation, prevalence COVID-19 across these groups. Natural infection induces variable cases showing stronger but sometimes dysregulated immunological which may contribute to prolonged Vaccination, particularly mRNA elicits targeted consistent T-cells, severity, incidence Hybrid combines provides most robust protection, enhanceds reduces through balanced regulation. Memory play critical mitigating Vaccination significantly enhances immunity, minimizing chronic symptoms alone. effective defense, emphasizing importance even after prevent

Language: Английский

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Long COVID: what is known and what gaps need to be addressed

British Medical Bulletin, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 147(1), P. 6 - 19

Published: July 11, 2023

Long COVID is a chronic condition that follows after acute COVID-19 and characterized by wide range of persistent, cyclic symptoms.

Language: Английский

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The demographic, laboratory and genetic factors associated with long Covid-19 syndrome: a case–control study

Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 24(1)

Published: Jan. 17, 2024

Abstract Long Covid-19 syndrome (LCS) manifests with a wide range of clinical symptoms, yet the factors associated LCS remain poorly understood. The current study aimed to investigate relationships that demographic characteristics, history, laboratory indicators, and frequency HLA-I alleles have likelihood developing LCS. We extracted characteristics histories from medical records 88 cases (LCS + group) 96 individuals without − group). Furthermore, we evaluated serum levels interleukin (IL)-6 tumor necrosis factor-α, parameters, frequencies alleles. Following this used multiple logistic regression association these variables had Subjects in group were more likely experienced severe symptoms higher body mass index (BMI), white blood cell, lymphocyte counts, C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6 than those (for all: P < 0.05). Moreover, HLA-A*11, -B*14, -B*38, -B*50, -C*07 After adjusting for most important variables, suffering was significantly BMI, CRP, IL-6, alleles, as well positive history Our showed during acute phase disease, elevated CRP levels, all an increased

Language: Английский

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Clinical Spectrum of Long COVID: Effects on Female Reproductive Health

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(7), P. 1142 - 1142

Published: July 16, 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has presented numerous health challenges, including long-term COVID, which affects female reproductive health. This review consolidates the current research on impact of menstrual cycle, ovarian function, fertility, and overall gynecological study emphasizes role angiotensin-converting enzyme receptors in viral entry subsequent tissue-specific pathological effects. It also explores potential influence long COVID hormonal balance immune responses, contributing to irregularities impaired function. findings indicate a higher prevalence among women, highlighting substantial implications for need sex-sensitive longitudinal studies. Enhanced surveillance targeted are essential develop effective interventions that prioritize women's well-being following infection. advocates sex-informed approach ongoing healthcare strategies, aiming provide up-to-date pertinent data providers general public, ultimately improving outcomes females affected COVID.

Language: Английский

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Immune activation and immune-associated neurotoxicity in Long-COVID: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 103 studies comprising 58 cytokines/chemokines/growth factors

Brain Behavior and Immunity, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 122, P. 75 - 94

Published: Aug. 9, 2024

Language: Английский

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Post-COVID-19 sequelae are associated with sustained SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ immune responses

International Immunopharmacology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 148, P. 114103 - 114103

Published: Jan. 27, 2025

Language: Английский

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On the post-COVID syndrome pathogenesis

Cytokines and inflammation, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 4, 2025

In 2023, the pandemic of new coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 was declared over WHO. Apparently, has become a seasonal respiratory viral infection. Among problems remaining after end pandemic, one leading places is occupied post-Covid syndrome - condition associated with persistence symptoms COVID-19 or reappearance 3 months illness. Most common features are: immune dysregulation, persistence, continued systemic inflammation, autoimmune dysorders, tromboses and endothelial damage, myocarditis, ischemic cardial disease, lung fibrosis. These different organ dysfunctions are accompanied neurological complications. Precise pathophysiological mechanisms to be discovered. The review addresses issues pathogenesis syndrome.

Language: Английский

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