Origin of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance, and Their Impacts on Drug Development: A Narrative Review

Pharmaceuticals, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 16(11), P. 1615 - 1615

Published: Nov. 15, 2023

Antibiotics have revolutionized medicine, saving countless lives since their discovery in the early 20th century. However, origin of antibiotics is now overshadowed by alarming rise antibiotic resistance. This global crisis stems from relentless adaptability microorganisms, driven misuse and overuse antibiotics. article explores subsequent emergence It delves into mechanisms employed bacteria to develop resistance, highlighting dire consequences drug including compromised patient care, increased mortality rates, escalating healthcare costs. The elucidates latest strategies against drug-resistant encompassing innovative approaches such as phage therapy, CRISPR-Cas9 technology, exploration natural compounds. Moreover, it examines profound impact resistance on development, rendering pursuit new economically challenging. limitations challenges developing novel are discussed, along with hurdles regulatory process that hinder progress this critical field. Proposals for modifying facilitate development presented. withdrawal major pharmaceutical firms research examined, potential re-engage interest. also outlines initiatives overcome economic incentivize emphasizing international collaborations partnerships. Finally, sheds light government-led a specific focus Middle East. discusses proactive measures taken governments region, Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates, combat threat. In face multifaceted approach imperative. provides valuable insights complex landscape challenges, collaborative efforts required ensure future where remain effective tools safeguarding public health.

Language: Английский

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Current Clinical Landscape and Global Potential of Bacteriophage Therapy

Viruses, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(4), P. 1020 - 1020

Published: April 21, 2023

In response to the global spread of antimicrobial resistance, there is an increased demand for novel and innovative antimicrobials. Bacteriophages have been known their potential clinical utility in lysing bacteria almost a century. Social pressures concomitant introduction antibiotics mid-1900s hindered widespread adoption these naturally occurring bactericides. Recently, however, phage therapy has re-emerged as promising strategy combatting resistance. A unique mechanism action cost-effective production promotes phages ideal solution addressing antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections, particularly lower- middle-income countries. As number phage-related research labs worldwide continues grow, it will be increasingly important encourage expansion well-developed trials, standardization storage cocktails, advancement international collaboration. this review, we discuss history, benefits, limitations bacteriophage its current role setting resistance with specific focus on active trials case reports administration.

Language: Английский

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Translating phage therapy into the clinic: Recent accomplishments but continuing challenges

PLoS Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(5), P. e3002119 - e3002119

Published: May 23, 2023

Phage therapy is a medical form of biological control bacterial infections, one that uses naturally occurring viruses, called bacteriophages or phages, as antibacterial agents. Pioneered over 100 years ago, phage nonetheless currently experiencing resurgence in interest, with growing numbers clinical case studies being published. This renewed enthusiasm due large part to holding promise for providing safe and effective cures infections traditional antibiotics acting alone have been unable clear. Essay introduces basic biology, provides an outline the long history therapy, highlights some advantages using phages agents, overview recent successes. Although has clear potential, it faces biological, regulatory, economic challenges its further implementation more mainstream acceptance.

Language: Английский

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Microbiome Dynamics: A Paradigm Shift in Combatting Infectious Diseases

Journal of Personalized Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(2), P. 217 - 217

Published: Feb. 18, 2024

Infectious diseases have long posed a significant threat to global health and require constant innovation in treatment approaches. However, recent groundbreaking research has shed light on previously overlooked player the pathogenesis of disease-the human microbiome. This review article addresses intricate relationship between microbiome infectious unravels its role as crucial mediator host-pathogen interactions. We explore remarkable potential harnessing this dynamic ecosystem develop innovative strategies that could revolutionize management diseases. By exploring latest advances emerging trends, aims provide new perspective combating by targeting

Language: Английский

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Phage-antibiotic combinations to control Pseudomonas aeruginosa–Candida two-species biofilms

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: April 23, 2024

Abstract Phage-antibiotic combinations to treat bacterial infections are gaining increased attention due the synergistic effects often observed when applying both components together. Most studies however focus on a single pathogen, although in many clinical cases multiple species present at site of infection. The aim this study was investigate anti-biofilm activity phage-antibiotic/antifungal single- and dual-species biofilms formed by P. aeruginosa fungal pathogen Candida albicans . Pseudomonas phage Motto combination with ciprofloxacin had significant activity. We then compared alone bacteria C. Here, we found that together antifungal fluconazole active against 6-h-old but showed only negligible 24-h-old biofilms. This lays first foundation for potential therapeutic approaches co-infections caused fungi using phage-antibiotic combinations.

Language: Английский

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Prophylactic phage administration provides a time window for delayed treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis in a murine bacteremia model

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Jan. 24, 2025

Introduction Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE) poses a significant challenge in clinical settings due to its resistance multiple antibiotics. Phage therapy offers promising alternative address this crisis. However, critical gaps remain regarding optimal dosing, therapeutic design, and treatment timing for phage targeting VRE-induced bacteremia. Methods The biological genomic characteristics of novel lytic specific VRE were investigated. Its vitro bactericidal antibiofilm activities evaluated, along with synergy antimicrobial agents. In safety protective efficacy assessed using mouse bacteremia model. impact on gut microbiota was examined through 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Results We isolated characterized phage, vB_EfaS-1017, vancomycin-resistant E. . This features circular, double-stranded DNA genome (40,766 bp), sharing 91.19% identity 79% coverage vB_EfaS_SRH2. vB_EfaS-1017 exhibited robust activity demonstrated levofloxacin. Safety assessments confirmed non-toxicity mammalian cells lack hemolytic activity. model, alone rescued 60% infected mice, while combining levofloxacin increased survival 80%. Prophylactic administration 24 hours prior infection failed prevent mortality. combination prophylactic delayed compared 100% mortality the group. Additionally, helped maintain or restore balance. Discussion These findings underscore potential phage-antibiotic combinations as superior strategy against infections. observed between phages antibiotics highlights approach overcoming bacterial improving outcomes. Furthermore, may provide time window effective treatment. Further preclinical research is essential refine protocols application.

Language: Английский

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Phage therapy

Nature Reviews Methods Primers, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 5(1)

Published: Feb. 13, 2025

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Drivers and consequences of bacteriophage host range

FEMS Microbiology Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 47(4)

Published: July 1, 2023

Abstract Bacteriophages are obligate parasites of bacteria characterized by the breadth hosts that they can infect. This “host range” depends on genotypes and morphologies phage bacterial host, but also environment in which interacting. Understanding host range is critical to predicting impacts these their natural communities utility as therapeutic agents, key how phages evolve doing so drive evolutionary change populations, including through movement genes among unrelated genomes. Here, we explore drivers infection from molecular underpinnings phage–host interaction ecological context occur. We further evaluate importance intrinsic, transient, environmental shaping replication, discuss each influences over time. The has great consequences phage-based application strategies, well community dynamics, therefore highlight both recent developments open questions field therapeutics come back into focus.

Language: Английский

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Bacteriophage Adsorption: Likelihood of Virion Encounter with Bacteria and Other Factors Affecting Rates

Antibiotics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(4), P. 723 - 723

Published: April 7, 2023

For ideal gasses, the likelihood of collision two molecules is a function concentrations as well environmental factors such temperature. This too case for particles diffusing within liquids. Two are bacteria and their viruses, latter called bacteriophages or phages. Here, I review basic process predicting likelihoods phage with bacteria. key step governing rates phage-virion adsorption to bacterial hosts, thereby underlying large fraction potential given concentration affect susceptible population. Understanding what can influence those very relevant appreciating both ecology therapy infections, i.e., where phages used augment replace antibiotics; so highly important phage-mediated biological control Particularly emphasized here, however, numerous complications on beyond dictated by ideals standard theory. These include movements other than due diffusion, various hindrances diffusive movement, assorted heterogeneities. Considered chiefly consequences these phenomena rather mathematical underpinnings.

Language: Английский

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The Potential of Bacteriophage-Antibiotic Combination Therapy in Treating Infections with Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria

Antibiotics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(8), P. 1329 - 1329

Published: Aug. 17, 2023

The growing threat of antibiotic resistance is a significant global health challenge that has intensified in recent years. burden on public augmented due to its multifaceted nature, as well the slow-paced and limited development new antibiotics. posed by now existential phage therapy, which had long been touted promising replacement for Consequently, it imperative explore potential combination therapies involving antibiotics phages feasible alternative treating infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria. Although either bacteriophage or can potentially treat bacterial infections, they are each fraught resistance. Combination therapies, however, yielded positive outcomes most cases; nonetheless, few combinations did not show any benefit. comprising synergistic activity other treatments such probiotics hold promise treatment drug-resistant infections.

Language: Английский

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