Isolation and characterization of exosomes for cancer research

Journal of Hematology & Oncology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Nov. 10, 2020

Abstract Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles that carry specific combinations proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites, and lipids. Mounting evidence suggests exosomes participate in intercellular communication act as important molecular vehicles the regulation numerous physiological pathological processes, including cancer development. released by various cell types under both normal conditions, they can be found multiple bodily fluids. Moreover, carrying wide variety macromolecules provide window into altered cellular or tissue states. Their presence biological fluids renders them an attractive, minimally invasive approach for liquid biopsies with potential biomarkers diagnosis, prediction, surveillance. Due to their biocompatibility low immunogenicity cytotoxicity, have clinical applications development innovative therapeutic approaches. Here, we summarize recent advances technologies exosome isolation research. We outline functions regulating tumor metastasis, drug resistance, immune modulation context Finally, discuss prospects challenges exosome-based therapeutics.

Language: Английский

---

Roles and mechanisms of exosomal non-coding RNAs in human health and diseases

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: Nov. 10, 2021

Exosomes play a role as mediators of cell-to-cell communication, thus exhibiting pleiotropic activities to homeostasis regulation. Exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), mainly microRNAs (miRNAs), long (lncRNAs), and circular (circRNAs), are closely related variety biological functional aspects human health. When the exosomal ncRNAs undergo tissue-specific changes due diverse internal or external disorders, they can cause tissue dysfunction, aging, diseases. In this review, we comprehensively discuss underlying regulatory mechanisms exosomes in addition, explore current knowledge on roles miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs health diseases, including cancers, metabolic neurodegenerative cardiovascular autoimmune infectious determine their potential implication biomarker identification therapeutic exploration.

Language: Английский

---

Targeting non-coding RNAs to overcome cancer therapy resistance

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: April 13, 2022

Abstract It is now well known that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), rather than protein-coding transcripts, are the preponderant RNA transcripts. NcRNAs, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), long (lncRNAs), and circular (circRNAs), widely appreciated as pervasive regulators of multiple cancer hallmarks such proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, genomic instability. Despite recent discoveries in therapy, resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted immunotherapy continue be a major setback. Recent studies have shown ncRNAs also play role different therapies by rewiring essential signaling pathways. In this review, we present intricate mechanisms through which dysregulated control four types therapies. We will focus on current clinical implications biomarkers predict treatment response (intrinsic resistance) detect therapy after start (acquired resistance). Furthermore, potential targeting ncRNA overcome resistance, discuss challenges ncRNA-targeted therapy—especially development delivery systems.

Language: Английский

---

Role of exosomal non-coding RNAs from tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment

Molecular Therapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 30(10), P. 3133 - 3154

Published: April 9, 2022

Exosomes have a crucial role in intercellular communication and mediate interactions between tumor cells tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Exosome-encapsulated non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are involved various physiological processes. Tumor-derived exosomal ncRNAs induce M2 macrophage polarization through signaling pathway activation, signal transduction, transcriptional post-transcriptional regulation. Conversely, TAM-derived promote proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis, chemoresistance, immunosuppression. MicroRNAs gene silencing by directly targeting mRNAs, whereas lncRNAs circRNAs act as miRNA sponges to indirectly regulate protein expressions. The of tumor-host is ubiquitous. Current research increasingly focused on the microenvironment. On basis "cancer-immunity cycle" hypothesis, we discuss effects immune T cell exhaustion, overexpression programmed death ligands, create immunosuppressive Furthermore, potential applications prospects clinical biomarkers drug delivery systems. Non-coding do not encode proteins but control expression function.1Hombach S. Kretz M. RNAs: classification, biology functioning.Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2016; 937: 3-17Crossref PubMed Scopus (346) Google Scholar, 2Chan J.J. Tay Y. Noncoding RNA:RNA regulatory networks cancer.Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018; 19: 1310Crossref (608) 3Guil Esteller RNA-RNA regulation: coding noncoding players.Trends Biochem. 2015; 40: 248-256Abstract Full Text PDF Scholar Several types ncRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long (lncRNAs), circular (circRNAs), affect growth, metabolism multiple mechanisms.3Guil 4Anastasiadou E. Jacob L.S. Slack F.J. RNA cancer.Nat. Rev. Cancer. 18: 5-18Crossref (900) 5Goodall G.J. Wickramasinghe V.O. 2021; 21: 22-36Crossref (337) miRNAs 20–25 nucleotide that at level binding 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) target thus regulating other cellular processes.6Ha Kim V.N. Regulation microRNA biogenesis.Nat. Cell 2014; 15: 509-524Crossref (3372) Scholar,7Dong H. Lei Ding L. Wen Ju Zhang X. MicroRNA: function, detection, bioanalysis.Chem. 2013; 113: 6207-6233Crossref (823) longer than 200 nucleotides regulation nucleus cytoplasm.8Chen L.L. Linking localization function.Trends 41: 761-772Abstract (592) Scholar,9Quinn Chang H.Y. Unique features biogenesis function.Nat. Genet. 17: 47-62Crossref (2150) modulate stability, translation, translocation mRNAs.9Quinn Scholar,10Statello Guo C.J. Chen Huarte Gene its biological functions.Nat. 22: 96-118Crossref (817) increase mRNA expressions sponging competitive endogenous (ceRNAs), secreted either alone or bound proteins.11Tay Rinn Pandolfi P.P. multilayered complexity ceRNA crosstalk competition.Nature. 505: 344-352Crossref (2450) Scholar,12Lin C. Yang Long cancer: wiring circuitry.Trends 28: 287-301Abstract (330) characterized covalently closed-loop structure without 5′ cap poly(A) tail.13Yu C.Y. Kuo H.C. emerging roles functions their generation.J. Biomed. 2019; 26: 29Crossref (167) Scholar,14Kristensen Andersen M.S. Stagsted L.V.W. Ebbesen K.K. Hansen T.B. Kjems biogenesis, characterization RNAs.Nat. 20: 675-691Crossref (1539) These implicated spongings, interactions, nuclear transcription pre-mRNA splicing.15Wang R. Li N. Jia Pan Liang CircNT5E acts sponge miR-422a glioblastoma tumorigenesis.Cancer Res. 78: 4812-4825Crossref (199) Scholar,16Qian Yu Z. Meng Huang Wang P. significance human cancers.Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1870: 247-260Crossref (0) 40–150 nm extracellular vesicles pathological processes mediating communication.17Hessvik N.P. Llorente A. knowledge exosome release.Cell Life 75: 193-208Crossref (1112) Scholar,18Pegtel D.M. Gould S.J. Exosomes.Annu. 88: 487-514Crossref (793) content exosomes released donor protected from enzymatic hydrolysis.19Abels E.R. Breakefield X.O. Introduction vesicles: cargo selection, content, release, uptake.Cell. Neurobiol. 36: 301-312Crossref (713) 20Mathieu Martin-Jaular Lavieu G. Théry Specificities secretion uptake for cell-to-cell communication.Nat. 9-17Crossref (1420) 21Mashouri Yousefi Aref A.R. Ahadi A.M. Molaei F. Alahari S.K. Exosomes: composition, mechanisms cancer metastasis resistance.Mol. 75Crossref (410) fundamental resistance.21Mashouri 22van Niel D'Angelo Raposo Shedding light vesicles.Nat. 213-228Crossref (2898) 23Zhang D. development, immunity.Biochim. 1871: 455-468Crossref (215) Tumoral secrete microenvironment (TIME).23Zhang Scholar,24Kalluri function cancer.J. Clin. Invest. 126: 1208-1215Crossref (967) (TEXs) immunological activities, polarization, regulation, inhibition natural killer (NK) activity.25Whiteside T.L. progression.Adv. Chem. 74: 103-141Crossref (402) 26Kok V.C. C.C. Cancer-derived exosomes: biomarker development.Int. Nanomed. 2020; 8019-8036Crossref (50) 27Greening D.W. Gopal Xu Simpson R.J. W. cancer.Semin. Dev. 72-81Crossref (401) TEXs also malignancy, suggesting key tumoral cells.28Xie Zhou Fang Su Tu Extracellular immunotherapy.Adv. 6: 1901779Crossref (103) 29Veerman R.E. Güçlüler Akpinar Eldh Gabrielsson Immune cell-derived - therapeutic applications.Trends 25: 382-394Abstract (110) 30Yan Jiang cancer-immunity cycle.Trends 506-517Abstract (46) development immunosuppression attracted increasing attention.31Sun Shi K. Liu Q. Song Yuan Effect applications.Mol. 147Crossref 32Cheng Zhu Peng Exosomal Glioma: 66Crossref (131) 33Xie Dang Yue Zhai Yan Lu cancer.Mol. 37Crossref (134) can be used because high encapsulation efficiency ability transport anti-cancer drugs, agents, nucleic acids, gene-editing systems such CRISPR-Cas9.34Pullan J.E. Confeld M.I. Osborn J.K. Sarkar Mallik carriers therapy.Mol. Pharm. 16: 1789-1798Crossref (76) 35Liu Cheng Delivery strategies CRISPR-Cas9 system applications.J. Control. Release. 2017; 266: 17-26Crossref (257) 36Ghaemi Bagheri Abnous Taghdisi S.M. Ramezani Alibolandi CRISPR-cas9 genome editing targeted therapy.Life 267: 118969Crossref (7) Macrophages phagocytic cells, phenotypes influenced cytokines factors TIME.37Belgiovine D'Incalci Allavena Frapolli Tumor-associated anti-tumor therapies: complex links.Cell. 73: 2411-2424Crossref assume classically activated pro-inflammatory (M1) phenotype an alternatively anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype.38Orecchioni Ghosheh Pramod A.B. Ley Macrophage polarization: different signatures M1(LPS+) vs. Classically M2(LPS-) Alternatively macrophages.Front. Immunol. 10: 1084Crossref (541) (TAMs) M1 early stages cancer.37Belgiovine In later stage, growth mediators, IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β, expressed TIME, inducing polarization.37Belgiovine M1-M2 highly dynamic reversible. TAMs produce inhibit activity TIME.39Yin Han Zheng B. Zhao SALL4-mediated upregulation miR-146a-5p drives T-cell exhaustion HCC.Oncoimmunology. 8: 1601479Crossref (3) TAM infiltration solid tumors underscores these progression immunosuppression.39Yin 40Ruffell Coussens L.M. resistance cancer.Cancer Cell. 27: 462-472Abstract (800) 41Sica Erreni Porta pathology.Cell. 72: 4111-4126Crossref (352) divided into M2a, M2b, M2c, M2d.42Rőszer T. Understanding mysterious activation markers effector mechanisms.Mediators Inflamm. 2015: 816460Crossref M2a subgroup IL-4 IL-13 produces CD163, CD206, IL1Ra.42Rőszer M2b stimulated complexes bacterial lipopolysaccharide CD86, IL-6, TNF-α.42Rőszer M2c induced glucocorticoids, TGF-β TGF-β; addition, this active against apoptotic cells.42Rőszer M2d subgroup, IL-6 adenosine, secretes (high levels IL-10 low IL-12) vascular endothelial factor (VEGF) angiogenesis.42Rőszer Some pathways switch.41Sica Scholar,43Shapouri-Moghaddam Mohammadian Vazini Taghadosi Esmaeili S.A. Mardani Seifi Mohammadi Afshari J.T. Sahebkar plasticity, health disease.J. Physiol. 233: 6425-6440Crossref (1441) Pro-inflammatory malignant behavior, promotes tumorigenesis evasion.41Sica Therefore, fine-tuned TIME. Tumor tissues may contain mixed populations with spectrum states. However, review, assumed phenotype, described literature.37Belgiovine Increased attention has been given TAMs. polarized support forming cycle which (Figure 1). This review discusses during initiation controlled influence formation TIME based model, application diagnostic prognostic targets. involves networks.38Orecchioni phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT JAK/STAT factors, transducer activator (STAT) family, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), interferon polarization.44Czimmerer Daniel Horvath Rückerl Nagy Kiss Peloquin Budai M.M. Cuaranta-Monroy I. Simandi et al.The STAT6 mediates direct repression inflammatory enhancers limits macrophages.Immunity. 48: 75-90.e76Abstract (112) Scholar,45Vergadi Ieronymaki Lyroni Vaporidi Tsatsanis Akt M1/M2 polarization.J. 198: 1006-1014Crossref (398) Tumors controlling factors. For instance, HPV+ head neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC), miR-9 was enriched transported macrophages, downregulating PPARδ.46Tong Mao Xie Sun Wei HPV + HNSCC-derived induces increases radiosensitivity.Cancer Lett. 478: 34-44Crossref (23) miR-451/miR-21 were detected primary multiforme (GBM) taken up brain mice, decreasing c-Myc levels. miR-21 miR-451 increased microglia co-cultured GBM heparin reduced effect.47van der Vos K.E. Abels Lai Carrizosa Oakley Prabhakar Mardini O. Crommentuijn M.H. Skog al.Directly visualized glioblastoma-derived transfer microglia/macrophages brain.Neuro Oncol. 58-69Crossref (207) prostate (PCa), let-7a-5p let7-b, -g, -i downregulated integrin-β3, causing PCa migration.48Ferguson Lee Deci Nguyen phenotypic distinct sources: comparative study composition.AAPS 67Crossref lncRNA TUC339 hepatocellular (HCC) promoted leading cytokine production, compromised phagocytosis, decreased co-stimulatory molecule macrophages.49Kogure I.K. Lin W.L. Patel vesicle-mediated novel TUC339: mechanism cancer.Genes 4: 261-272Crossref (239) Scholar,50Li Wu HCC-derived TUC339.Int. 2958Crossref (36) receptor CXCR chemokine pathways, explain underlying regulation.50Li miR-21-5p colorectal (CRC) cells.51Shao Shen al.Colorectal cancer-derived small establish premetastatic niche liver metastasis.Carcinogenesis. 39: 1368-1379Crossref (6) CRC lines SW480, SW620, LoVo injected nude mice significantly macrophages. via TLR7 pre-metastatic survival colonization, ultimately metastasis.51Shao metabolic enzymes. melanoma miR-125b-5p lysosomal acid lipase A switching survival.52Gerloff Lützkendorf Moritz R.K.C. Wersig Mäder Müller L.P. Sunderkötter Melanoma-derived educates associated (LIPA).Cancers. 12: 464Crossref BMP-7, PI3K/AKT pathway.45Vergadi Scholar,53Covarrubias A.J. Aksoylar H.I. Horng Control mTOR signaling.Semin. 286-296Crossref (189) Scholar,54Zhao Kong F.Q. Jie A.D. Y.Q. D.D. Z.Q. al.Macrophage MSR1 BMSC osteogenic differentiation M2-like activating PI3K/AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway.Theranostics. 17-35Crossref (37) Phosphatase tension homolog deleted chromosome ten (PTEN) inhibits AKT dephosphorylating PIP3.45Vergadi Scholar,55Lu PTEN/PI3k/AKT regulates emphysematous mice.Scand. 85: 395-405Crossref (38) bladder regulated inhibiting PTEN enhanced STAT3 expression, promoting migration invasion.56Lin Yin H.B. X.Y. G.M. He W.Y. Gou Bladder cell-secreted activates progression.Int. 56: 151-164PubMed miR-130b-3p, miR-425-5p, miR-25-3p pathway. epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) VEGF metastasis.57Wang Si Cui Qu contribute CXCL12/CXCR4-induced enhancing macrophages.Cancer 474: 36-52Crossref (108) Scholar,58Wang Corrigendum "Exosome-encapsulated macrophages" [Canc. 474 (2020) 36-52].Cancer 2022; 525: 200-202Crossref circFARSA upregulated non-small lung (NSCLC) exosomes.59Chen PTEN/PI3K/AKT metastasis.Cancer Treat. Commun. 100412Crossref (11) ubiquitination degradation PTEN, polarization.59Chen RNA-binding eIF4A3 triggered cyclization EMT NSCLC cells.59Chen STAT1/5 STAT 3/6 respectively.60Zhao Bian Y.Y. Y.J. Ma Y.T. Pei Zeng HuoXueTongFu formula alleviates intraperitoneal adhesion SOCS/JAK2/STAT/PPAR-γ signalling pathway.Mediators 2019: 1769374Crossref (14) Scholar,61Hu Ivashkiv L.B. Crosstalk among Jak-STAT, Toll-like receptor, ITAM-dependent activation.J. Leukoc. 2007; 82: 237-243Crossref (157) members suppressor (SOCS) family.60Zhao miR-29a-3p oral SOCS1/STAT6 signaling.62Cai Qiao Gao Oral carcinoma-derived subtype mediated exosome-enclosed miR-29a-3p.Am. 316: C731-C740Crossref co-culture system, miR-223 cervical (CSCC) CSCC creating positive feedback loop.63Zhang Qian STAT3-miR-223-TGFBR3/HMGCS1 axis modulates carcinoma.Mol. 14: 2313-2331Crossref Moreover, repressed TGFBR3 HMGCS1 UTRs, resulting anchorage-independent growth.63Zhang Hypoxia stimulates secretion, hypoxic trigger HIF1α- HIF2α-dependent manner.64Escribese Casas Corbí A.L. Influence oxygen tensions polarization.Immunobiology. 2012; 217: 1233-1240Crossref Scholar,65Díaz-Bulnes Saiz M.L. López-Larrea Rodríguez R.M. hypoxia ER stress res

Language: Английский

---

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in cancer therapy resistance: recent advances and therapeutic potential

Molecular Cancer, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: Sept. 13, 2022

Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal that can be obtained from various human tissues and organs. They differentiate into a wide range of cell types, including osteoblasts, adipocytes chondrocytes, thus exhibiting great potential in regenerative medicine. Numerous studies have indicated MSCs play critical roles cancer biology. The crosstalk between tumour has been found to regulate many behaviours, such as proliferation, metastasis epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Multiple lines evidence demonstrated secrete exosomes modulate the microenvironment important development. Notably, very recent works shown mesenchymal cell-derived (MSC-derived exosomes) critically involved resistance chemotherapy agents, targeted-therapy drugs, radiotherapy immunotherapy. In this review, we systematically summarized emerging detailed molecular mechanisms MSC-derived mediating therapy resistance, providing novel insights clinical applications management.

Language: Английский

---

Exosome-derived circCCAR1 promotes CD8 + T-cell dysfunction and anti-PD1 resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma

Molecular Cancer, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 22(1)

Published: March 18, 2023

Abstract Background Circular RNAs (circRNAs) can be encapsulated into exosomes to participate in intercellular communication, affecting the malignant progression of a variety tumors. Dysfunction CD8 + T cells is main factor immune escape from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nevertheless, effect exosome-derived circRNAs on T-cell dysfunction needs further exploration. Methods The circCCAR1 tumorigenesis and metastasis HCC was assessed by vitro vivo functional experiments. function measured enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blotting flow cytometry. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, biotinylated RNA pull-down, MS2 pull-down assays were used exploration mechanism. A mouse model with reconstituted human system components (huNSG mice) constructed explore role exosomal resistance anti-PD1 therapy HCC. Results Increased levels existed tumor tissues plasma patients, culture supernatant cells. CircCCAR1 accelerated growth vivo. E1A binding protein p300 (EP300) eukaryotic translation initiation 4A3 (EIF4A3) promoted biogenesis circCCAR1, Wilms 1-associated (WTAP)-mediated m6A modification enhanced stability insulin-like 2 mRNA-binding 3 (IGF2BP3). acted as sponge for miR-127-5p upregulate its target WTAP feedback loop comprising circCCAR1/miR-127-5p/WTAP axis formed. secreted heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 (hnRNPA2B1)-dependent manner. Exosomal taken caused stabilizing PD-1 protein. immunotherapy. Furthermore, increased cell division cycle apoptosis regulator 1 (CCAR1) induced EP300 CCAR1 β-catenin protein, which transcription PD-L1. Conclusions enhances released contributes immunosuppression facilitating induces immunotherapy, providing potential therapeutic strategy patients.

Language: Английский

---

Cancer cell-derived exosomal circUSP7 induces CD8+ T cell dysfunction and anti-PD1 resistance by regulating the miR-934/SHP2 axis in NSCLC

Molecular Cancer, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 20(1)

Published: Nov. 9, 2021

CD8+ T cells play a critical role in the innate antitumour immune response. Recently, cell dysfunction has been verified various malignant cancers, including non-small lung cancer (NSCLC). However, molecular biological mechanisms of human NSCLC are still unclear.The expression circular ubiquitin-specific protease-7 (circUSP7) tissues, exosomes, and lines was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Exosomes were isolated from culture medium plasma patients using an ultracentrifugation method ExoQuick Exosome Precipitation Solution kit. The exosomes then characterized transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), NanoSight western blotting. circUSP7 assessed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In vivo RNA (circRNA) precipitation (circRIP), immunoprecipitation (RIP), luciferase reporter assays performed to explore cells. retrospective study, clinical characteristics prognostic significance tissues determined.The levels higher than matched adjacent nontumour tissues. Increased indicate poor prognosis with NSCLC. found patient is predominantly secreted exosomal manner, inhibits IFN-γ, TNF-α, Granzyme-B Perforin secretion Furthermore, function upregulating Src homology region 2 (SH2)-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP2) via sponging miR-934. Finally, we show that may promote resistance anti-PD1 immunotherapy patients.Exosomal contributes immunosuppression promoting CircUSP7 induces immunotherapy, providing potential therapeutic strategy for patients.

Language: Английский

---

Exosomes as mediators of immune regulation and immunotherapy in cancer

FEBS Journal, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 288(1), P. 10 - 35

Published: Sept. 28, 2020

Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin that enclose a multitude functional biomolecules. have emerged as key players intercellular communication in physiological and pathological conditions. In cancer, depending on the context, exosomes can oppose or potentiate development an aggressive tumor microenvironment, thereby impacting progression clinical outcome. Increasing evidence has established important mediators immune regulation they deliver plethora signals either support restrain immunosuppression lymphoid myeloid cell populations tumors. Here, we review current knowledge related to exosome-mediated (T lymphocytes, B NK cells) (macrophages, dendritic cells, monocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor neutrophils) cancer. We also discuss translational potential engineered immunomodulatory agents for cancer therapy.

Language: Английский

---

Epigenetic regulation in the tumor microenvironment: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: May 22, 2023

Abstract Over decades, researchers have focused on the epigenetic control of DNA-templated processes. Histone modification, DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, RNA and noncoding RNAs modulate many biological processes that are crucial to development cancers. Dysregulation epigenome drives aberrant transcriptional programs. A growing body evidence suggests mechanisms modification dysregulated in human cancers might be excellent targets for tumor treatment. Epigenetics has also been shown influence immunogenicity immune cells involved antitumor responses. Thus, application therapy cancer immunotherapy their combinations may important implications Here, we present an up-to-date thorough description how modifications cell responses microenvironment (TME) epigenetics internally modify TME. Additionally, highlight therapeutic potential targeting regulators immunotherapy. Harnessing complex interplay between immunology develop therapeutics combine thereof is challenging but could yield significant benefits. The purpose this review assist understanding impact TME, so better immunotherapies can developed.

Language: Английский

---

The potential of using blood circular RNA as liquid biopsy biomarker for human diseases

Protein & Cell, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(12), P. 911 - 946

Published: Nov. 1, 2020

Abstract Circular RNA (circRNA) is a novel class of single-stranded RNAs with closed loop structure. The majority circRNAs are formed by back-splicing process in pre-mRNA splicing. Their expression dynamically regulated and shows spatiotemporal patterns among cell types, tissues developmental stages. CircRNAs have important biological functions many physiological processes, their aberrant implicated human diseases. Due to high stability, becoming promising biomarkers diseases, such as cardiovascular autoimmune diseases cancers. In this review, we focus on the translational potential using blood liquid biopsy for We highlight abundant expression, essential significant correlations various components peripheral blood, including whole cells extracellular vesicles. addition, summarize current knowledge circRNA disease diagnosis or prognosis.

Language: Английский

---