Extracellular Vesicle Preparation and Analysis: A State‐of‐the‐Art Review

Advanced Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 11(30)

Published: June 14, 2024

Abstract In recent decades, research on Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) has gained prominence in the life sciences due to their critical roles both health and disease states, offering promising applications diagnosis, drug delivery, therapy. However, inherent heterogeneity complex origins pose significant challenges preparation, analysis, subsequent clinical application. This review is structured provide an overview of biogenesis, composition, various sources EVs, thereby laying groundwork for a detailed discussion contemporary techniques preparation analysis. Particular focus given state‐of‐the‐art technologies that employ microfluidic non‐microfluidic platforms EV processing. Furthermore, this discourse extends into innovative approaches incorporate artificial intelligence cutting‐edge electrochemical sensors, with particular emphasis single proposes current outlines prospective avenues future research. The objective motivate researchers innovate expand methods analysis fully unlocking biomedical potential.

Language: Английский

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Noninvasive in vivo imaging of macrophages: understanding tumor microenvironments and delivery of therapeutics

Biomarker Research, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Jan. 26, 2025

Abstract Macrophages are pivotal in the body’s defense and response to inflammation. They present significant numbers widely implicated various diseases, including cancer. While molecular histological techniques have advanced our understanding of macrophage biology, their precise function within cancerous microenvironments remains underexplored. Enhancing knowledge macrophages dynamics extracellular vesicles (EVs) cancer development can potentially improve therapeutic management. Notably, also been harnessed deliver drugs. Noninvasive vivo imaging is crucial for investigating intricate cellular processes, comprehending underlying mechanisms tracking cells EVs’ migration, devising macrophage-dependent drug-delivery systems living organisms. Thus, has become an indispensable tool biomedical research. The integration multimodal approaches continued novel contrast agents hold promise overcoming current limitations expanding applications imaging. This study comprehensively reviews several methods labeling modalities, assessing merits drawbacks each approach. review concludes by offering insights into applicability real time monitoring preclinical clinical scenarios.

Language: Английский

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Extracellular Vesicles as Delivery Vehicles for Non-Coding RNAs: Potential Biomarkers for Chronic Liver Diseases

Biomolecules, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(3), P. 277 - 277

Published: Feb. 26, 2024

In recent years, EVs have emerged as promising vehicles for coding and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which demonstrated remarkable potential biomarkers various diseases, including chronic liver diseases (CLDs). are small, membrane-bound particles released by cells, carrying an arsenal of ncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), long (lncRNAs), other ncRNA species, such piRNAs, circRNAs, tsRNAs. These ncRNAs act key regulators gene expression, splicing, translation, providing a comprehensive molecular snapshot the cells origin. The non-invasive nature EV sampling, typically via blood or serum collection, makes them highly attractive candidates clinical biomarker applications. Moreover, EV-encapsulated offer unique advantages over traditional cell-free due to their enhanced stability within EVs, hence allowing detection in circulation extended periods enabling more sensitive reliable measurements. Numerous studies investigated EV-enclosed CLD. MiRNAs, particular, gained significant attention ability rapidly respond changes cellular stress inflammation, hallmarks CLD pathogenesis. Elevated levels specific miRNAs been consistently associated with subtypes, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic disease (MASLD), steatohepatitis (MASH), hepatitis B C. LncRNAs also transcripts involved wide range processes, regeneration, fibrosis, cancer progression. Studies shown that lncRNA expression profiles can distinguish between different valuable insights into progression therapeutic response. Promising included miR-122 (elevated MASLD fibrosis), miR-21 (increased is linked inflammation fibrosis patients), miR-192 advanced stages CLD, cirrhosis HCC), LncRNA HOTAIR MASH development), H19 (dysregulation HCC progression). present review, we focus on tools diagnosis monitoring etiologies.

Language: Английский

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Bioelectric stimulation outperforms brain derived neurotrophic factor in promoting neuronal maturation

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: Feb. 8, 2025

Neuronal differentiation and maturation are crucial for developing research models therapeutic applications. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a widely used biochemical stimulus promoting neuronal maturation. However, the broad effects of stimuli on multiple cellular functions limit their applicability in both vitro clinical settings. Electrical stimulation (ES) offers promising physical method to control cell fate function, but it hampered by lack standard optimised protocols. In this study, we demonstrate that ES outperforms BDNF human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y. Additionally, address question regarding which parameters regulate biological responses. The SH-SY5Y cells were tested under several pulsed regimes. We identified accumulated charge effective electric field time as novel criteria determining optimal obtained using electrochemical characterisation equivalent circuit modelling. Our findings show correlates with amount during ES. Higher accumulation (~ 50 mC/h) significantly promotes extensive neurite outgrowth ramification, enhances expression synaptophysin, yielding exceeding those BDNF. contrast, fewer injection culture 0.1 minimally induces increases proliferation. Moreover, altered concentration protein cargo secreted extracellular vesicles (EV). large enough enriched EV proteome associated neural development function. These results each regime distinct Increased facilitates complex morphologies axonal outperforming exogenous factors. Controlled methods immediately applicable creating mature cultures minimal chemical intervention.

Language: Английский

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Optimizing therapeutic outcomes: preconditioning strategies for MSC-derived extracellular vesicles

Frontiers in Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: Feb. 10, 2025

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are increasingly recognized for their therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine, driven by capabilities immunomodulation tissue repair. However, MSCs present risks such as immunogenic responses, malignant transformation, the to transmit infectious pathogens due intrinsic proliferative differentiative abilities. In contrast, MSC-EVs, particularly exosomes (MSC-exosomes, 30–150 nm diameter), offer a safer profile. These acellular mitigate associated with immune rejection tumorigenesis inherently incapable of forming ectopic tissues, thereby enhancing clinical safety applicability. This review highlights promise MSC-exosomes especially focusing on modulation miRNA (one bioactive molecules MSC-EVs) profiles through various preconditioning strategies exposure hypoxia, chemotherapeutic agents, inflammatory cytokines, physical stimuli. Such conditioning is shown optimize potential. Key miRNAs including miR-21, miR-146, miR-125a, miR-126, miR-181a noted roles facilitating repair modulating responses. functionalities position valuable tool personalized case exosome-based interventions. Despite this also acknowledged limitations traditional MSC therapies advocates strategic pivot towards modalities enhance outcomes. By discussing recent advances detail identifying remaining pitfalls, aims guide future directions improving efficacy MSC-exosome-based therapeutics. Additionally, variability MSC-EVs presents challenges diverse play regulating gene expression cell behavior. The content can be influenced differences isolation purification methods, which may alter specific miRNAs, contributing effects.

Language: Английский

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Roles of extracellular vesicles from different origins in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: progress and perspectives

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: March 10, 2025

Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide, associated with systemic metabolic dysregulation. It can progress from simple hepatic steatosis (MAFL) to more severe conditions like Steatohepatitis (MASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). There a critical lack of reliable non-invasive diagnostic methods effective pharmaceutical treatments for MAFLD/MASH, emphasizing need further research. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale structures that play important roles in cell signaling by delivering bioactive molecules. However, there significant gap literature regarding EVs hosts, plants, microbiota MAFLD. This review explores potential various sources—host, microbiota—as biomarkers, therapeutic agents, drug carriers, treatment targets Firstly, host-derived extracellular MAFLD, focus on cell-type specific their components—proteins, miRNAs, lipids—for diagnosis monitoring were discussed. Moreover, it highlighted mesenchymal stem (MSC)-derived reducing lipid accumulation injury, immune cell-derived mitigating inflammation fibrosis. The also discussed use as carriers due ability deliver molecules impact mechanisms. Additionally, summarized research plant-derived EVs, which help reduce accumulation, inflammation, enhance gut barrier function Also, explored microbial-derived novel targets, particularly relation insulin resistance, dysfunction Overall, exploring diverse host, plant, sources this offers valuable insights into biomarkers strategies, could pave way options increasingly prevalent disease. Notably, challenges translating clinical practice thoroughly discussed, aiming provide possible directions strategies future

Language: Английский

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Crimson clues: advancing endometriosis detection and management with novel blood biomarkers

Fertility and Sterility, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 121(2), P. 145 - 163

Published: Feb. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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Enhanced Tissue Regeneration Through Immunomodulatory Extracellular Vesicles Encapsulated in Diversified Silk‐Based Injectable Hydrogels

Advanced Healthcare Materials, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(28)

Published: July 16, 2024

Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) immunologically trained using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) display enhanced immunomodulatory capabilities. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from MSCs are widely used in regenerative medicine owing to their bioactive properties without the drawbacks of cell therapy. However, it remains unclear whether EVs LPS‐stimulated (trained) (L‐EVs) inherit reparative potential parent cells. Thus, this study first aims explore effect immunological training on bioactivity L‐EVs. LPS‐trained bone marrow‐derived (BMSCs) secrete more EVs, and these significantly promote M2 macrophage polarization. Subsequently, hydrogel systems based thixotropic injectable silk fibroin prepared for vivo EV delivery. These hydrogels have controllable gelation time exhibit outstanding effects rat skin wounds alveolar defects. Finally, is revealed that L‐EVs polarization by inhibiting nuclear translocation PKM2. Overall, shows BMSCs effectively improves therapeutic provides a convenient diversified delivery strategy an hydrogel. This has broad clinical application prospects tissue regeneration.

Language: Английский

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Extracellular vesicles: opening up a new perspective for the diagnosis and treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction

Journal of Nanobiotechnology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 22(1)

Published: Aug. 14, 2024

Mitochondria are crucial organelles responsible for energy generation in eukaryotic cells. Oxidative stress, calcium disorders, and mitochondrial DNA abnormalities can all cause dysfunction. It is now well documented that dysfunction significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous illnesses. Hence, it vital investigate innovative treatment methods targeting Extracellular vesicles (EVs) cell-derived nanovesicles serve as intercellular messengers classified into small EVs (sEVs, < 200 nm) large (lEVs, > based on their sizes. worth noting certain subtypes rich components (even structurally intact mitochondria) possess ability transfer them or other contents including proteins nucleic acids recipient cells modulate function. Specifically, target cell homeostasis mitochondria-controlled apoptosis ROS by delivering relevant substances. In addition, artificial modification delivery carriers therapeutic goods mitochondria also a current research hotspot. this article, we will focus function cells, aiming offer novel perspectives approaches diverse conditions linked

Language: Английский

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Development of Human Amniotic Epithelial Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles as Cell-free Therapy for Dry Eye Disease

The Ocular Surface, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Sept. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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