CAR T cells in solid tumors: challenges and opportunities

Stem Cell Research & Therapy, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: Jan. 25, 2021

Abstract Background CARs are simulated receptors containing an extracellular single-chain variable fragment (scFv), a transmembrane domain, as well intracellular region of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) in association with co-stimulatory signal. Main body Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells genetically engineered to express for the recognition particular surface marker that has given rise advances treatment blood disorders. The CAR obtain supra-physiological properties and conduct “living drugs” presenting both immediate steady effects after expression surface. But, their efficacy solid tumor not yet been supported. pivotal challenges field cell therapy can be summarized three major parts: recognition, trafficking, surviving tumor. On other hand, immunosuppressive microenvironment (TME) interferes activity terms differentiation exhaustion, result combined use checkpoint blockade, suppression inhibitor factors microenvironment, very promising results were obtained from reduction exhaustion. Conclusion Nowadays, identifying defeating mechanisms associated dysfunction is crucial establish proliferate lyse severely. In this review, we discuss signaling tumors evaluate most significant barriers process describe novel therapeutic methods aiming acquirement outcome non-hematologic malignancies.

Language: Английский

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Use of AI-based tools for healthcare purposes: a survey study from consumers’ perspectives

BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 20(1)

Published: July 22, 2020

Abstract Background Several studies highlight the effects of artificial intelligence (AI) systems on healthcare delivery. AI-based tools may improve prognosis, diagnostics, and care planning. It is believed that AI will be an integral part services in near future incorporated into several aspects clinical care. Thus, many technology companies governmental projects have invested producing medical applications. Patients can one most important beneficiaries users applications whose perceptions affect widespread use tools. should ensured they not harmed by devices, instead, benefited using for purposes. Although enhance outcomes, possible dimensions concerns risks addressed before its integration with routine Methods We develop a model mainly based value due to specificity field. This study aims at examining perceived benefits devices decision support (CDS) features from consumers’ perspectives. online survey collect data 307 individuals United States. Results The proposed identifies sources motivation pressure patients development devices. results show technological, ethical (trust factors), regulatory significantly contribute healthcare. Of three categories, technological (i.e., performance communication feature) are found significant predictors risk beliefs. Conclusions sheds more light factors affecting proposes some recommendations how practically reduce these concerns. findings this provide implications research practice area CDS. Regulatory agencies, cooperation institutions, establish normative standard evaluation guidelines implementation Regular audits ongoing monitoring reporting used continuously evaluate safety, quality, transparency, services.

Language: Английский

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The Role of Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Metastasis: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities

Cancers, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(9), P. 2053 - 2053

Published: April 23, 2021

The tumor microenvironment (TME) regulates essential survival and promotion functions. Interactions between the cellular structural components of TME allow cancer cells to become invasive disseminate from primary site distant locations, through a complex multistep metastatic cascade. Tumor-associated M2-type macrophages have growth-promoting immunosuppressive functions; mesenchymal mass produce exosomes that increase migratory ability cells; associated fibroblasts (CAFs) reorganize surrounding matrix creating migration-guiding tracks for cells. In addition, extracellular (ECM) exerts determinant roles in disease progression cell migration therapeutic responses. hypoxic conditions generated at force genetically and/or epigenetically adapt order survive metastasize. circulation, encounter platelets, immune cells, cytokines blood facilitate their transit. This review discusses different regulating process, targeting approaches using small molecule inhibitors, nanoparticles, manipulated exosomes, miRNAs inhibit invasion as well current future strategies remodel enhance treatment efficacy block detrimental process metastasis.

Language: Английский

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Neurological manifestations of long-COVID syndrome: a narrative review

Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

Accumulating evidence points toward a very high prevalence of prolonged neurological symptoms among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors. To date, there are no solidified criteria for 'long-COVID' diagnosis. Nevertheless, is conceptualized as multi-organ disorder with wide spectrum clinical manifestations that may be indicative underlying pulmonary, cardiovascular, endocrine, hematologic, renal, gastrointestinal, dermatologic, immunological, psychiatric, or disease. Involvement the central peripheral nervous system noted in more than one-third patients antecedent severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, while an approximately threefold higher incidence recorded observational studies including patient-reported data. The most frequent encompass fatigue; 'brain fog'; headache; cognitive impairment; sleep, mood, smell, taste disorders; myalgias; sensorimotor deficits; and dysautonomia. Although limited exists to date on pathophysiological mechanisms implicated manifestation 'long-COVID', neuroinflammatory oxidative stress processes thought prevail propagating sequelae. In this narrative review, we sought present comprehensive overview our current understanding features, risk factors, Moreover, propose diagnostic therapeutic algorithms aid prompt recognition management causes persist beyond resolution COVID-19. Furthermore, causal treatments currently unavailable, approaches symptom-oriented symptoms. addition, emphasize collaborative research initiatives urgently needed expedite development preventive strategies

Language: Английский

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Cancer nanotechnology: current status and perspectives

Nano Convergence, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: Nov. 2, 2021

Modern medicine has been waging a war on cancer for nearly century with no tangible end in sight. Cancer treatments have significantly progressed, but the need to increase specificity and decrease systemic toxicities remains. Early diagnosis holds key improving prognostic outlook patient quality of life, diagnostic tools are cusp technological revolution. Nanotechnology steadily expanded into reaches chemotherapy, radiotherapy, diagnostics, imaging, demonstrating capacity augment each advance care. Nanomaterials provide an abundance versatility, functionality, applications engineer specifically targeted medicine, accurate early-detection devices, robust imaging modalities, enhanced radiotherapy adjuvants. This review provides insights current clinical pre-clinical nanotechnological drug therapy, radiation therapy.

Language: Английский

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Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 mutations in the United States suggests presence of four substrains and novel variants

Communications Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 4(1)

Published: Feb. 15, 2021

SARS-CoV-2 has been mutating since it was first sequenced in early January 2020. Here, we analyze 45,494 complete geneome sequences the world to understand their mutations. Among them, 12,754 are from United States. Our analysis suggests presence of four substrains and eleven top mutations These belong 3 disconnected groups. The second groups consisting 5 8 concurrent prevailing, while other group with three gradually fades out. Moreover, reveal that female immune systems more active than those males responding infections. One mutations, 27964C > T-(S24L) on ORF8, an unusually strong gender dependence. Based all spike protein, uncover two SASR-CoV-2 States become potentially infectious.

Language: Английский

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Brain tumor segmentation of MRI images: A comprehensive review on the application of artificial intelligence tools

Computers in Biology and Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 152, P. 106405 - 106405

Published: Dec. 7, 2022

Language: Английский

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Prevalence and correlates of chronic fatigue syndrome and post-traumatic stress disorder after the outbreak of the COVID-19

Journal of NeuroVirology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 27(1), P. 154 - 159

Published: Feb. 1, 2021

Language: Английский

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Three-dimensional in vitro culture models in oncology research

Cell & Bioscience, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: Sept. 11, 2022

Abstract Cancer is a multifactorial disease that responsible for 10 million deaths per year. The intra- and inter-heterogeneity of malignant tumors make it difficult to develop single targeted approaches. Similarly, their diversity requires various models investigate the mechanisms involved in cancer initiation, progression, drug resistance recurrence. Of vitro cell-based models, monolayer adherent (also known as 2D culture) cell cultures have been used longest time. However, appears they are often less appropriate than three-dimensional (3D) culture approach mimicking biological behavior tumor cells, particular leading therapeutic escape resistance. Multicellular spheroids widely study cancers 3D, can be generated by multiplicity techniques, such liquid-based scaffold-based 3D cultures, microfluidics bioprinting. Organoids more complex multicellular because from stem cells isolated patients considered powerful tools reproduce development vitro. present review provides an overview set up response. advantages compared limitations, fields application these techniques production also discussed.

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 detection and disease progression visualization: Deep learning on chest X-rays for classification and coarse localization

Applied Intelligence, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 51(2), P. 1010 - 1021

Published: Sept. 12, 2020

Chest X-rays are playing an important role in the testing and diagnosis of COVID-19 disease recent pandemic. However, due to limited amount labelled medical images, automated classification these images for positive negative cases remains biggest challenge their reliable use progression. We implemented a transfer learning pipeline classifying chest X-ray from two publicly available datasets

Language: Английский

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