COVID-19 influenced gut dysbiosis, post-acute sequelae, immune regulation, and therapeutic regimens

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: May 28, 2024

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has garnered unprecedented global attention. It over 2.47 million deaths through various syndromes such as distress, hypercoagulability, and multiple organ failure. viral invasion proceeds the ACE2 receptor, expressed in cell types, some patients serious damage to tissues, organs, immune cells, microbes that colonize gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Some who survived SARS-CoV-2 infection have developed months of persistent long-COVID-19 symptoms or post-acute sequelae COVID-19 (PASC). Diagnosis these revealed biological effects, none which are mutually exclusive. However, severity also depends on numerous comorbidities obesity, age, diabetes, hypertension care must be taken with respect other morbidities, host immunity. Gut microbiota relation immunopathology is considered evolve progression via mechanisms biochemical metabolism, exacerbation inflammation, intestinal mucosal secretion, cytokine storm, immunity regulation. Therefore, modulation gut microbiome equilibrium food supplements probiotics remains a hot topic current research debate. In this review, we discuss complications physio-pathological effects infection, GIT response, therapeutic pharmacological strategies. We summarize targets probiotics, their limitations, efficacy preclinical clinical drugs effectively inhibit spread SARS-CoV-2.

Language: Английский

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Adaptive immune cells are necessary for SARS-CoV-2–induced pathology

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 10(1)

Published: Jan. 3, 2024

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing the ongoing global pandemic associated with morbidity and mortality in humans. Although disease severity correlates immune dysregulation, cellular mechanisms of inflammation pathogenesis COVID-19 remain relatively poorly understood. Here, we used mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 strain MA10 to investigate role adaptive cells disease. We found that while infected wild-type mice lost ~10% weight by 3 4 days postinfection,

Language: Английский

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New trends on the systems approach to modeling SARS-CoV-2 pandemics in a globally connected planet

Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 34(11), P. 1995 - 2054

Published: April 19, 2024

This paper presents a critical analysis of the literature and perspective research ideas for modeling epidemics caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus. It goes beyond deterministic population dynamics to consider several key complexity features system under consideration. In particular, multiscale from contagion subsequent competition between immune proliferating Other topics addressed in this work include propagation territory, taking into account local transportation networks, heterogeneity population, study social economic problems populations involved spread epidemics. The overall content aims show how new mathematical tools can be developed address above models simulations contribute decision making crisis managers.

Language: Английский

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Reactivation of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) by SARS-CoV-2 in non-hospitalised HIV-infected patients

EBioMedicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 100, P. 104986 - 104986

Published: Feb. 1, 2024

BackgroundWhile acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated inflammation resulted in substantial morbidity mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly unvaccinated patients, long-term effects of exposure for reactivation latent oncogenic herpesviruses, such as KSHV, is unknown.MethodsWe performed a longitudinal observational cross-sectional study on 407 non-hospitalised adult HIV-infected (CD4 count <350 cells/μL) patients attending antiretroviral therapy services Gugulethu, South Africa, from October 2020 to April 2023.FindingsKSHV seroprevalence was 53.5%; quarterly increased 76.2% (before roll-out vaccinations) 94.9%, with 32.2% being self-reportedly vaccinated against COVID-19. Over course recruitment, percentage detectable KSHV viral load (VL) peripheral blood 3.3% 69.2%. The presence VL significantly RBD antibody titers (median IgG OD 1.24 [IQR 0.82–2.42] non-reactivated versus 2.83 1.08–4.72] reactivated p = 0.0030) but not 5.13 4.11–6.36] 4.53 2.90–5.92] 0.086). Further logistic regression revealed higher odds unvaccinated, previously exposed (p 0.015, adjusted OR 1.28 [95% CI: 1.05–1.55]), 0.080, 0.83 0.67–1.02]). Interestingly, inflammatory markers C-reactive protein interleukin-6.InterpretationHigh, most likely repeated, individuals may have consequences shown here context impaired immune functions. Post-pandemic prevention and/or monitoring strategies potential KSHV-associated pathologies high-risk immunodeficiencies are therefore highly recommended.FundingThis research funded by EDCTP2 programme (Training Mobility Action TMA2018SF-2446).

Language: Английский

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Next-generation treatments: Immunotherapy and advanced therapies for COVID-19

Heliyon, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 10(5), P. e26423 - e26423

Published: Feb. 19, 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in 2019 following prior outbreaks of coronaviruses like SARS and MERS recent decades, underscoring their high potential infectivity humans. Insights from previous have played a significant role developing effective strategies to mitigate the global impact SARS-CoV-2. As January 7, 2024, there been 774,075,242 confirmed cases worldwide. To date, 13.59 billion vaccine doses administered, 7,012,986 documented fatalities (https://www.who.int/)Despite progress addressing rapid evolution SARS-CoV-2 challenges human defenses, presenting ongoing challenges. emergence new lineages, shaped mutation recombination processes, has led successive waves infections. This scenario reveals need for next-generation vaccines as crucial requirement ensuring protection against demand calls formulations that trigger robust adaptive immune response without leading inflammation linked with infection.Key mutations detected Spike protein, critical target neutralizing antibodies design —specifically within Receptor Binding Domain region Omicron variant lineages (B.1.1.529), currently dominant worldwide, intensified concerns due association immunity evasion vaccinations infections.As world deals this evolving threat, narrative extends realm emerging variants, each displaying implications remain largely misunderstood. Notably, JN.1 lineage is gaining prevalence, early findings suggest it stands among immune-evading characteristic attributed its L455S. Moreover, detrimental consequences novel bear particularly on immunocompromised individuals older adults. Immunocompromised face such suboptimal responses vaccines, rendering them more susceptible disease. Similarly, adults an increased risk disease presence comorbid conditions, find themselves at heightened vulnerability develop Thus, recognizing these intricate factors effectively tailoring public health protect vulnerable populations. In context, review aims describe, analyze, discuss current treatments encompassing immunotherapeutic approaches advanced therapies complements will offer solutions counter disadvantages existing options. Preliminary outcomes show virus address immunomodulatory associated COVID-19. Furthermore, capacity promote tissue repair demonstrated, which can be noteworthy who stand actors landscape possess broader potential, offering wide range variants enhancing ability constant virus. are projected treatment alternatives managing Chronic Post-COVID-19 syndromeand long-term complications.

Language: Английский

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